Children Within the Juvenile Criminal Justice System

Children Within the teenaged Criminal arbiter SystemThe conceptualisation of peasantren at heart the juvenile wretched evaluator formation.IntroductionIn 2006 to 2007, statistics amaze shown that on that point were approximately 3,500 crimes per 100,000 individuals conducted by juveniles in Australia, almost figure the number carried out by adults (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2009).Before the 19th century, thither was no category that separated juvenile offenders from adult offenders in Australias healthy schemas and infantren as young as six were sent to prison house (Cunneen washcloth 2007 Carrington Pereira 2009). In modern Australia however, it is widely accepted and ac noesisd that juveniles should be treated differently deep down the sorry legal system so that their inexperience and immatureness trick be considered (Richards, 2011). Consequently, juveniles be not dealt with as adults within the judicial system as they are treated much(prenomina l) leniently than their adult counterparts.In Australia, the use of de decennarytion as a sad punishment for youths is use as a last resort, later on methods much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as police cautioning and restorative youth programmes (Richards, 2011). Richards (2011a) suggests that youths are uniquely different to adults and as such this makes them incredibly receptive to rehabilitation in preventing them from further felonious acts. Richards (2011a, np.) argues that arange of factors, including juveniles lack of maturity, propensity to charge insecuritys and susceptibility to mate exercise, as head as intellectual disability, psychogenic illness and victimisation, increase juveniles risks of contact with the nefarious nicety system.This search will attempt to examine how children are positioned and thinkd within Australias abominable justice system in contrast to the UK criminal system, examining in item the concept of childishness and child a ddresss as well as considering the potential abuse of the juvenile criminal justice system.Discourses of childhoodHistoric wholey, three line dominant discourses befuddle been conceptualised well-nigh childhood and the child, which influences the ways in which childrens demeanor, capabilities and indispensablecharacteristics can be netherstood (Kehily, 2009). The romantic discourse of childhood described by Jean Jacques Rousseau, views children as creationness innocent, pure and exuding constitutive(a) unafraidness, of which is harmed or corrupted by contact with the social world (Kehily, 2009). romanticistic discursive representations perpetuates the understanding that children need to be protected from potential risk factors in the environment that could be d irritabilityous to their inherent innocence. The acts of criminality from such a discourse are seen as being caused through the influence of the world around them (Kehily, 2009). As Richards (2011a) suggested, juv eniles can be influenced by their peers into renderting crimes, so the childs inherent goodness has been tainted and corrupted. Also, in the digital age of modern childhood, a childs early picture show to various forms of media such as the useful, but dangerous Internet, as well as games and movies with violence and crime increase the risk of corruption to their inherent goodness.In contrast, puritan discourse portrays children as possessing an innate capacity for criminal or wicked behaviours that is in need of constant checking, observation, reprimand and counselor-at-law (Kehily, 2009). This viewpoint regards children as in need of saving from themselves and that childhood is a fourth dimension in which children must be given moral training to deter their subjective potential for wickedness (Kehily, 2009). Richards (2011a) described childrens natural propensity to take risks as a possible factor in criminal behaviour and as such this can be viewed in relation to the purit an discourse.The tabula rasa discourse postulated by John Locke however, portrays children as approach path into the world as a blank slate that with effective didactics and instigate, can develop successfully into full adulthood (Kehily, 2009). From this viewpoint, factors such as poor pedagogy, family support and as Richards (2011a) describes intellectual disability can be seen as leading children to crime. Each of these discourses have emerged in different periods of report as more than dominant according to social and cultural factors all three discourses however can be seen to different extents meshed within health care, program line policy and practice and within the criminal justice system in addressing and preventing crime amongst young offenders.Australias juvenile criminal justice systemThe United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of young Justice (1985) gets importance on all nations developing laws, rules and provisions that are specifically catered to the needs of juvenile offenders, whilst simultaneously upholding their disciplines. All Australian jurisdictions (except Queensland) specify a juvenile as being aged between 10 and 17 in Queensland it is between 10 and 16 (Richards, 2011). All children under the age of ten are viewed as being unable to be held legally amenable for their actions. This suggests that if a child under ten commits a crime then it is no fault of their own, but that nighthing must have happened to them, such as Richards (2011a) highlighted, peer influence or lack of localize education, support and management. This concept of childhood utilises the discourses of romantic and tabula rasa, as children are being identified as inherently good, and only bad behaviour such as crime being committed through the influence of environmental factors (Kehily, 2009). The tabula rasa discourse is evident, in that it is the lack of book guidance, education and support from others around the child, which has led to the childs criminal behaviour (Kehily, 2009). Whilst Australia presumes such representations and discourses of children into its legal policies that determine how children are dealt with in the legal system, not all countries adopt the same viewpoint. In the United Kingdom, children can be seen to be viewed oft differently, ascribable(p) to shifts of discursive representation following high profile criminal behaviours of children.UK juvenile crime policyFaulkner (2010) critiqued the UK Criminal Justice Act (1991), identifying that the UK criminal justice system had become ineffective, due to inconsistencies in how juveniles were dealt with judicially, stating there was a need to address increasing punishment. Faulkner (2010) stated that in response to wage hike juvenile crime, children should be dealt with as adults are treated, requiring increased punishment. In the UK, the hit of a ii year old child, Jamie Bulger, in 1990, by a pair of ten historic period old bo ys led to the public birdcall for a need for more severe punishments (Sereny, 1994). UK bon ton was shocked by the criminal actions of the two young children and the media supported the publics uncertainty through representing the boys as child killers (Sereny, 1994). The puritan discourse could be seen in action, as the children were describes as being inherently evil, see the put to death as premeditated and cold (Sereny, 1994 Kehily, 2009). Public pressure and media coverage cried out for the two ten year old boys to be treated as adults and imprisoned for life (Sereny, 1994 Franklyn Petley, 1996). However, being juveniles, the boys were not subjected to life sentences in the UK criminal justice system, due to being viewed as being not fully responsible for their actions, they were however institutionalised with the aim of rehabilitation.The case of Jamie Bulgers murder provides good evidence of how different discourses can be used within society and social and political sy stems, such as the criminal justice system. These discourses conceptualise how children and their behaviour come to be understood and, in law, how such behaviour is dealt with (Kehily, 2009). In society and the media, the boys were viewed as cold blooded killers, innately possessing some flawed, evil mind that led to their murderous behaviour (Seveny, 1994). However, the UK judicial system used a contrasting romantic discourse in viewing that something had caused the children to behave as they did and that in applying a tabula rasa discourse, the children could be ameliorated through rehabilitation into returning to the natural goodness associated with a romantic discourse of childhood (Kehily, 2009). If this crime had occurred however in Australia, being 10 years old, the children would have been unable to have been criminally charged or trialled for the murder of the two year old, as the law does not apply to ten year olds (Richards, 2011a). Australian law utilising a romantic di scourse, viewing the children as wholly innocent and wherefore the behaviour must be a result of external causes and influence (Kehily, 2009 Richards, 2011)Interestingly in the UK, there has been an initiation of parenting orders given to the parents of children who offend ( cornerstone Office, 2003). Demonstrating the romantic discourse similar to Australia, it locates the behaviour of the child as a result of inadequate and poor parenting. Parenting orders are designed to change the behaviours of the parents through re-education so that they can then influence and support their children more effectively (Crime and Disorder Act, 1991). This also demonstrates a shift to a tabula rasa discourse in which children are at risk of poor parenting and in need of moral guidance and education (Kehily, 2009). This use of romantic and tabula rasa discourses in the UK juvenile criminal justice system concurs with Australias approach to addressing juvenile crime also. Richards (2011a) identifi es that juveniles due to their age are very responsive to rehabilitation to promote non-criminal behaviour. This portrays childhood as a particular cadence that requires education and guidance, a view upheld within tabula rasa discourse. Studies have even been used to reach out evidence that childhood is a qualitatively different state of being to that of adulthood, in which children have not cognitively acquired the skills needed to make appropriate decisions, determine risk and regulate emotions (Steinberg, 2005). This forges a romantic discourse, which conceptualises children as fundamentally innocent, because they have not acquired the necessary cognitive functions to correctly know right from wrong. Murray (2009) states that Australian policy must reflect the need for interventions that can religious service juveniles grow out of crime, so linking the need for youths to be educated, supported and rehabilitated so that they develop into lawful abiding citizens. Richards (201 1) suggests that juveniles have greater complex needs than adults, due to their psycho-social immaturity, being more under the influence of peer multitude pressure, drugs and alcohol. Childhood is conceptualised within Australian policy as a time in which children need to be protected from external environmental factors that can harm their inherent goodness and innocence (Kehily, 2009). Criminal behaviour is therefore being understood as a result of societys failure to save these children from the negative influences of the outside world (Murray, 2009).Particular understandings have been identified through the examining of conceptualisation and discursive representation of childhood within the juvenile criminal systems of Australia and the United Kingdom. It is evident that children within the juvenile criminal system are not seen through puritan discourse. However, public anger to severe criminal offences such as murders undertaken by children can reflect this view of children as inherently evil. Through identifying how romantic, puritan and tabula rasa discourses are used within societies as a whole and perpetuated within media, policy and legislation, it has exhibit how these can influence how children are treated with within the juvenile criminal systems. The dominant discourses found within Australia and the UK policies are that of a romantic and tabula rasa discourse, in which children are viewed as inherently innocent and good, criminal behaviour being seen as resulting from the influence of eternal environmental factors. In managing and preventing juvenile crime, children are seen to require guidance, support and rehabilitation, viewing children through the tabula rasa discourse. From the understandings identified above, wide adoption and acknowledgement that juveniles are to be treated more leniently due to considerations of their immaturity and inexperience may lead to potential abuse of the system by various parties.Potential abuse of the Juvenil e Criminal Justice SystemAs modern day children are getting smarter and loose to technology at a younger age, from the puritan discourse, exposure to knowledge of how courts make rulings regarding juvenile crime, either through the internet or peer influence, may lead to a childs potential growth of the system knowing that they can get away with petty crimes easily. In some cases, a child may play into their immaturity and risk-taking propensity, to commit crime such as theft to satisfy material needs. besides from the tabula rasa and romanticised viewpoint, intellectual disability as described by Richards (2011a) can be transformed into a view of intellectually shrewd children abusing the system due to corruption through contact with the social world, ineffective moral education and support.In extreme cases, there is also a possibility of adults or delinquent parents with knowledge of the system taking advantage of the innocence and immaturity of a child, either by threatening o r inducing a child to commit crime on their behalf through means of rewards. This is by chance a cause for concern due to the potential exploitation of such a loophole in the juvenile justice system.While Richards (2011a) suggests that children are more receptive to rehabilitation in preventing them from further criminal acts, prevention is collapse than cure. So why allow it to happen in the first place and follow up with corrective measures even though children are more receptive to rehabilitation?Support and guidance from family and school is ideal to asseverate a child in check. In scenarios where a child is from a broken family, where certain studies have shown a link between child delinquency and broken homes, schools should step in to provide more guidance and support for the child. Perhaps more can be done to educate children against such behaviour and raise awareness on this issue. Also, a helpline to contend scenarios where children are pressured into committing crime can potentially help.ReferencesAustralian Institute of Criminology (2009) Juvenile crime. Retrieved fromhttp//www.aic.gov.au/statistics/criminaljustice/juveniles.html(Accessed 16th May, 2014)Carrington, K. Pereira, M. (2009)Offending youth Sex, crime and justice. Leichhard, Federation PressCunneen C White R (2007)Juvenile justice Youth and crime in Australia, 3rd ed. southeasterly Melbourne Oxford University PressFaulkner, D. (2010) Criminal law and justice at a time of austerity. capital of the United Kingdom Criminal Justice Alliance.Franklin, B. Petley, J. (1996) Killing the age of innocence composition reporting of the death ofJames Bulger in J. Pilcher and S. Wagg (eds) Thatchers Children Politics, Childhood and Society in the mid-eighties and 1990s, London Falmer.Home Office (1998) Crime and Disorder Act, London HMSOHome Office (2003) Respect and Responsibility Taking a stand against Anti-Social Behaviour, London HMSOKehily, M, J. (2009) An Introduction to childhood studi es, Berkshire McGraw-Hill.Murray, C. (2009) Typologies of young resisters and desisters.Youth Justice9, (2), 115129.Richards, K. (2011) Trends in juvenile clench in Australia. Retrieved fromhttp//www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/401-420/tandi416.html(Accessed 16th May, 2014)Richards, K. (2011a) What makes juvenile offenders different to adult offenders. Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved fromhttp//www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/401-420/tandi409.html(Accessed 15th May, 2014)Sereny, G. (1994) The Independent, Retrieved fromhttp//www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/reexamining-the-evidence-a-year-ago-this-week-james-bulger-was-murdered-by-two-11yearold-boys-the-crime-shook-the-nation-the-boys-were-tried-convicted-and-locked-away-but-what-do-we-know-about-them-do-we-know-why-they-did-it-after-months-of-research-including-interviews-with-parents-of-both-boys-we-publish-in-two-parts-the-story-that-has-not-been-told-1392400.html(Acces sed 3rd May, 2014).Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective reading in adolescence.Trends in Cognitive Sciences9, (2), 6974United Nations (1985)United Nations criterion minimum rules for the administration of juvenile justice (the Beijing rules). Adopted by General Assembly resolution 40/33 of 29 November 1985. Retrieved fromhttp//www.un.org/documents/ga/res/40/a40r033.htm(Accessed 12th May, 2014)1

The Choice Of Qualitative And Quantitative Psychology Essay

The survival of the fittest Of Qualitative And denary Psychology EssayThis chapter presents a detailed justification of the query come near employ to attend the enquiry questions and achieve the hire and bearings come inlined in chapter unity. The chapter begins with an overview of loving seek radiation diagram. function thirty discusses the seek paradigm as the speculative look into approach. section xxx discusses the interrogation methodology. Section xxx discusses the methods espo recitation in this explore for training aim. The chapter outlines the sampling techniques, piloting get wind and outline techniques. The chapter also illustrates the search validity, reliability, triangulation, ethical consideration and generalizability of the study. query Design look for is defined as an in-depth study of a particular issue or phenomenon which the looker investigates to acquit problems associate to that issue/phenomenon Marsh tout ensemble, 1997 brewe rton and Millward, 2001 Wilkinson and Birmingham, 2003 Cres healthful, 2007 Bryman and Bell, 2007). In the social sciences, various queryers present the explore overview the theoretical and working(a) approaches in incompatible ways. The differences in presentation keep be cl previous(predicate) identified amidst the clay sculptures of Sarantakos (1998) Crotty (2005) and Saunders et al., (2007). These authors agree that social research evict be thought of in terms of the theoretical and functional approaches. However, the terminology select varies mingled with. For instance, they use divergent terminology which ass be conf employ for early(a) police detectives. This section pardons iiisome different research designs in other to choose the give up research design for the study.Sarantakos (1998) identified three directs of research (see jut out xxx). The first level holds the researchers theoretical approach which combines the epistemology and theoretical pers pective, which Sarantakos call(a)s the research paradigm. The second and third levels represent the practical approach which contains the research methodology and methods respectively.Figure xxx Sarantakos social research design, adopted from Sarantakos (1998)Crotty (2005) named tetrad different research levels for the social research (see Figure xxxx). The first twain stages comprise the theoretical approach which contains the research epistemology and theoretical perspective. The finding dickens stages comprise the practical approach the research methodology and methods. Based on Crotty (2005), the four levels atomic number 18 inter low-level, as the excerpt of the research epistemology is followed by the excerption of theoretical perspective, the choice of study methodology and the choice of specific methods of info garnerion and epitome. The last two stages methodology and methods of Crotty and Saratakos dumbfound ar in faithfulness similar. However, in terms of t heoretical approaches, Crotty outlines two levels epistemology and theoretical perspective atomic number 18 merged into one level the research paradigm in Sarantakos mystify. Figure xxx presents Crotty (2005) research design.Figure xxx Crotty social research design, adopted from Crotty (2005)Saunders et al., (2007) offer a different model for social research design which they call the research onion. According to this model, in that location atomic number 18 six levels in social science research. The research levels are philosophies (e.g. interpretivism) approaches (contain either inductive or deductive) strategies (the research methodology) choices (types of research methods) sequence horizons ( cross-sectional or longitudinal) and techniques and procedures (which includes entropy requestion and analysis techniques). In this model, the theoretical approach contains research philosophies and approaches (inductive and deductive). Meanwhile, the practical approach contains th e strategies as a methodology and the other three levels contain the research methods. The methods include twain data collection methods and data analysis methods. Figure xxx presents the research onion gibe to Saunders et al., (2007 132)Figure xxx Research onion, Saunders et al., (2007 132)The three research designs render consider up to(p) overlaps in their consideration into the theoretical and practical approaches. This research centralizees on Sarantakos model, since it reflects to a greater extent appropriately the research design adopted in this study. The following sections discuss in details this research design.The Research ParadigmAs mentioned early in Sarantakos research design, the first level reflects the theoretical approach and is named the res separately paradigm (Sarantakos, 1998). The paradigm is a particular penning that is apply to test and take social phenomena (Gephart, 1999 Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). Guba and Lincoln (1994) categorize social science research into two models a subjectivist soft ( arrive ativist) model and an objectivist numeric (positivism and post-positivism) model. Guba (1990) explained that there is a third relativist paradigm called naive realism which combines the subjectivist soft model and objectivist valued model and its a paradigm on its own. Later, several authors (e.g. Reichardt and Rallis, 1994 Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998 Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004 Pansiri, 2005 Creswell and Clark, 2007) concur that the paradigm which mixes soft and numerical approaches is realism. board xxx compares positivism, post-positivism, constructivism with pragmatism.Table xxx Compares different positivism, post-positivism, constructivism with pragmatism (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998 23)Paradigm Positivsm Post-positivism Pragmatism ConstructivismMethods Quantitative Primarily Quantitative Quantitative + Qualitative QualitativeLogic Deductive Primarily deductive Deductive + Inductive InductiveEpistemology Objecti ve point of view. Knower and cognise are dualism Modified dualism. Findings probably impersonally true two objective and subjective point of view Subjective point of view. Knower and know are inseparable.Axiology doubt is value-free Inquiry involves values, save they whitethorn be controlled set play a large role in interpreting results Inquiry is value-boundOntology Nave realism Critical or transcendental realism hire external reality. Choose explanations that best produce desired outcomes RelativismCausal Linkages hearty causes temporarily precedent or simultaneous with cause There are some lawful, fenceable relationships among social phenomena. These may be known imperfectly. Causes are identifiable in probabi itemizationic sense that changes over time. There may be causal relationships, but we provide never be able to pin them down All entities simultaneously shaping each other. Its impracticable to distinguish causes from effectsPragmatismPragmatism is a term derive d from the Greek word pragma ungenerovictimization action, from which the words practice and practical come (James, 2000). Dewey (1920) explained that pragmatism philosophy discover the meaning of idea that needs to be suss out consequently. Therefore, when researcher judges a phenomenon, they must follow its empirical and practical consequences and note its impact on the study macrocosm (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998). Moreover, Easterby et al., (2008) explained that, by exploitation pragmatism, researchers have to study various(prenominal) experiences very well in indian lodge to develop an understanding of a particular phenomenon.Moreover, Krauss (2005) explained that the pragmatist paradigm focuses on qualitative versus duodecimal data and that to answer research questions, researchers have to mix objective and subjective approaches. Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) clarified that by development pragmatism, the research logic contains deductive and inductive approaches. The refore, the pragmatism philosophy rejects the use of particular research philosophies, such(prenominal) as positivism, post-positivism and constructivism. In addition, Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) explained that pragmatism focuses on both the meaning and the truth of ideas. Truth is what works at the time and it is not based on a dualism between whether reality is in certified of the mind or at bottom the mind. Therefore, when judging ideas, pragmatists consider their empirical and practical consequences.Pragmatism is a research philosophy that eliminates the need of making a forced choice regarding the research epistemology between constructivism and positivism (including post-positivism). A pragmatic paradigm dismisses traditional assumptions about the nature of friendship, truth and the nature of dubiousness. Furthermore, for pragmatists, the research question is more pregnant than the research method that is used (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004).Creswell (2003) explained th at the choice of the research paradigm (pragmatism) related mainly to the purpose and nature of the research questions. The pragmatism earmarked the researchers to study different interested areas by employing different sources of evidence (methods) that are appropriate and explain the study findings in a positive manner (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998 and Creswell, 2003). Therefore, pragmatism is classified as one of the suitable research philosophies in social and caution research that investigates beliefs and attitudes using mixed methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches (Creswell, 2003).Reichardt and Rallis (1994) explained that there is much debate about whether pragmatism is in fact a research philosophy because it holds the centre-ground between two well- bring ined social research philosophies. Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004) and Robson (2005) corroborate that pragmatism is no longer a debatable philosophy but has achieved widespread use in social re search. To achieve the aim of this research, pragmatism has been chosen as a research philosophy. The next part leave behind discuss the mix between the qualitative and quantitative research approaches.The Choice of Qualitative and Quantitative Research ApproachDiscussions have been held by series of researchers in connection with the difference between quantitative and qualitative approaches, including beer maker and Hunter (1989), Silverman (2000), Brewerton and Milward (2001), Holliday (2002), Thomas (2003), Corbetta (2003) and Cooper and Schindler (2005). While quantitative researchers base their accounts on figures and numerical in lineation, harmonize to Gelo et al., (2008), qualitative researchers rely on non-numerical data, for instance words, narration and feelings. Maanen et al., (1982 32) introduced a verbal picture to help readers understand the difference between both research types as followsQuality is the essential character or nature of something quantity is the amount. Quality is the what quantity the how much. Qualitative refers to the meaning, the definition or analogy or model or metaphor characterizing something, while quantitative assumes the meaning and refers to a measure of it.Furthermore, Bryman (1996) and Cooper and Schindler (2005) noted that quantitative and qualitative approaches are both valid and researchers can use either. Clarke and Dawson (2000) and Gray (2009) suggested that according to the nature of the research, researchers can mix different approaches, as it hard in deciding the better or more useful approach. Miller and Brewer (2003) confirmed that using a mixed method approach decreases the weaknesses and limitations of the research. Table xxx compare quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods procedures (Creswell, 2003 19).Table xx comparison between quantitative and qualitative research ( book of facts Creswell, 200319)Tend to or typically Qualitative Approaches Quantitative Approaches Mixed Methods ApproachesU se these philosophical assumptionsEmploy these strategies of inquiry Constructivist/Advocacy /Participatory knowledge claimPhenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case study, and narrative Post-positivist knowledge claimSurveys and experiments Pragmatist knowledge claimSequential, con topical, and transformativeEmploy these methods Open-ended questions, emerging approaches, schoolbook or image data Closed-ended questions, pre arrestd approaches, numeric data Both open-and closed-ended questions, both emerging and pre designated approaches, and both quantitative and qualitative data and analysisUse these practices of research as the researcher Position himself or herself and collects participant meanings. Focuses on a single concept or phenomenon buzz off personal values into the study Studies the context or setting of participants. Validates the the true of findings Makes interpretations of data Creates an agenda for change or reform Collaborates with the participants Test s or verifies theories or explanation Identifies multivariates to study Relates variables in questions or hypotheses Uses standard of validity and reliability Observes and measures cultivation numerically Use unbiased approaches Employs statistical procedures Collects both quantitative and qualitative data Develops a rationale for mixing Integrates the data at different stages of inquiry Presents visual pictures of the procedures in the study. Employs the practices of both qualitative and quantitative research.Additionally, there are different ways to implement quantitative and qualitative approaches in one study. Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004) summarized these in Figure xx. This study combines qualitative and quantitative approaches in a sequential and equal way. The study starts with a qualitative approach through the analysis of supple recompense players (banks and mobile operators) documents and websites. This go forth then be followed by a quantitative approach using a qu estionnaire stick with of potential consumers of mobile pay services.Time state decisionConcurrent SequentialParadigm emphasis decision contact StatusQUAL + QUAN QUAL QUANQUAN QUALDominant StatusQUAL + quanQUAN + qual QUAL quanqual QUANQUAN qualquan QUALFigure xxx Mixed methods approach design matrix (the design used in this study is shown in bold).Note. qual stands for qualitative, quan stands for quantitative, + stands for concurrent, stands for sequential, capital letters denote high priority or weight, and land case letters denote lower priority or weight.Source Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 200422. Notation based on Morse, 1991.The Research MethodologyCrotty (2005 3) identified the research methodology research process asthe strategy, plan of action, process or design lying behind the choice and use of particular methods and linking the choice and use of methods to the desired outcomes.Furthermore, Crotty (2005) made a clarification of research methodology as a strategy built on it, the data collection methods, and linking between the use of research methods and research outcomes. In addition, Crotty (2005) explained that there are different kinds of research methodology, and researchers should select the most suitable for their research topic.The research methods for this studyHaving reviewed series of literatures, several factors led to the choice of methods used for this research.Triangulation methods have been proposed for this research and this leave alone complement each other in regulate to yield a quality result. According to Tshakkori and Teddlie, (2003), triangulation is one way that involves a combination of data collection to get good results. Although the term triangulation has different meanings, it is associated with using combinations of methods with a strategy of convergent validity being honey oil (Bryman 2004). Kholoud (2009) cites Johnson et al., (2007) who identified four types of triangulation data triangulation, investigat or triangulation, theory triangulation, and methodological triangulation. Kholoud yet cites the equal authors for defining ways in which quantitative and qualitative methods can be combined.From research on technology word meaning perspective, technology toleration has a dominant theoretical urge which is positivist in nature. The current research aim is to design a expective viable model of demeanour headings of users of technology services (in this case mobile payment). This objective requires the subject matter of a structured, well-defined framework, and definite measurements that could establish relationships between variables, such that inferences could be made from the research study model to a larger population. nearly of these qualities can be addressed by quantitative research methods (Johnson et al., 2007).The arousal of this study is to test hypotheses which relates to the proposed abstract framework model as well as different hypothesized relationships prev iously accepted in technology word sense context. The conceptual drive of this research is deductive in nature. The research proposes to follow a confirmatory strategy of research that needs empirical analysis (a way of proving or disproving previously assumed hypotheses related to mobile payment espousal).Despite the fact that this study entrust be mainly quantitative, qualitative methods pass on be employed at the initial stages of the study. Structured observations give be employed allowing for in-depth assessment of mobile payment schemes in the countrified in show to determine those that could be researched.Figure xxx shows the football team main steps in a quantitative research process. To answer the research question, this study aim to follow the itinerary in the order in which they appear as shown to a lower place. However, the steps at times qualification overlap during the course of the research.Figure xxx Process of Quantitative Research as outlined by Bryman B ell (2007).In this study, theories and literatures underpinning this study exit be advanced to guide the research deductively.Research DesignsThe major reason of this research is in testing the hypotheses which could explain the fluctuation in the dependent variables. Such sees fit a correlation study design as answer ford herein.Correlation DesignsCorrelational design measures two or more variables with the eventuality of measuring the dependent variables. It does not manipulate one or more independent variables.The major premise of this research was that if a statistical significant relationship was in humanity between the independent and the dependent variables, there would be the possibility of predicting the dependent variable using information available in the other variable. Within quantitative methods, the investigation used correlation research design (see Figure xxx) to determine if there was an existence of some relationship between independent constructs and the dep endent constructs of behavior intention to use mobile payment.Figure xxx Illustration of the Research Designs according to Mugenda (2008, p. 65)In this kind of scenario, the research study impart apply reliability coefficients, multiple correlation coefficients, generalized linear regression model coefficients and elbow room model coefficients for different study assessments of the collected data. These will be discussed belowa) Reliability analysis will be carried out using Cronbachs important commonly called coefficient for Internal Consistency (IC) and inter-item correlation coefficient. According to De Vellis (1991), reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument would yield the corresponding results after repeated trials. Cronbachs Alpha provides information on the degree to which each item in the construct correlates with at least one other item of the construct. The analysis can estimate the proportion of true micturate pas seul that is captured by the indicators by comparing the sum of indicator variances with the variance of the sum scale. Cronbachs statistic was computed as followsCronbach = = number of items *number of items 1Where s denotes the variance for the number of individual items s2 denotes the variance for the sum of all questions or items (which is abstruse and unique, and, therefore, uncorrelated across respondents), then the variance of the sum will be the same as the sum of variances of the individual questions/items. Therefore, coefficient alpha will be equal to zero. If all items are perfectly reliable and measure the same thing (true score), then coefficient alpha is equal to 1. In this investigation, the construct would institute an acceptable level of reliability if the Cronbachs alpha was at least 0.6.b) fivefold correlation coefficients (R), will be used to describe the extent to which a dependent variable was explained by a set of independent variables. The statistic was used to measure the pr edictive cater of the model that has been estimated. The value of R ranges from 0 to 1, and in this study, neither threshold nor the minimum value is pre-determined but instead the statistic only state the percentage variation in the dependent variables as explained by the independent variables.Symbolically, the (R) statistic is defined as followsR =Where observ is the measurement of random variable observ on individual i. The est.observ and est.mean are the predicted measurements and mean values respectively. The mean of measurements for the n individuals is also factored into the calculation in equation 3.1 in order to obtain R.A complete analysis of the entire model requires an examination of the virtuousness of fit using R and adjusted R-squared. The goodness of fit measures how well the model parameter estimates is able to explain the variations in the dependent factor of the model and reproduce the sample covariance matrix. The adjusted R equally measures the goodness of fi t as does the R, but instead, the former statistic takes into account the degrees of freedom ( explicit as the number of observations and number of estimated coefficients) as express in equation 3.2. Thus,Adjusted R = 1c) The Generalized additive Regression model (GLM) coefficients are weighted coefficients that indicate the magnitude, direction and deduction of the possible linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The techniques measures both direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on dependent variable respectively. The technique handles the moderating effects in the analysis of linear models. The GLM was appropriate because of its nature of handling fixed factors, covariates and the interaction effects. The model results, will allow a direct comparison of the variance explained from both estimation measures.In the context of this study, it was hypothesized that three factors exertion expectancy, relevancy and social influence (cul ture) determine behaviour intentions. On the other hand, behaviour intentions together with facilitating conditions (technical support/training) determine usage. It was further postulated that the independent variables in the model were moderated by gender, age, experience and awareness, all of which required an appropriate modelling technique. Thus, the GLM that handled both direct and indirect effects were used in the form of the following equation (Eq. 3.4).Y = X + (X * M) + UWhere Y is a matrix with multivariate measurements of the response or dependent variablesX is a matrix of the block of independent variables is a matrix of parameters to be estimatedU is the vector of the error terms.d) The path model employs the path analysis statistical technique for decomposing correlations into different pieces for interpretation of effect. It allows one to compare the direct effects of variables in a complex frame of relationships.The path model measures direct effects or the possibl e lean of the independent variables on the dependent variable in the profits of variables. The path model only establishes linear relationships between variables and also indicates the predictive power of the model being evaluated. The mathematical relationships between the variables may be expressed as a set of linear equations, called the path model. According to Keeves, (1972) the primaeval principle of the path model that allows the linear equations to be estimated isr = p * rWhere i and j denote two variables in the network and the index k includes all variables from which paths lead directly to the dependent construct (j), r is the correlation coefficient and p is the path coefficient. Equation 3.5 can be expanded by successive applications of the formula itself to r. In this case, the errors from behaviour intentions and facilitating conditions all point at usage behaviour. Expressed in expanded form can be read directly from the path diagram by using the following direct relationships in this studyBIC = PEC + REC + SOCBUC = FOC + BICEBC = BUCWhere BIC is deportmental Intention, PEC is performance expectancy, REC is relevance, FOC is facilitating conditions, BUC is usage behaviour and EBC is expected benefits constructs respectively. In this study, a path coefficient with a negative sign implies an inverse relationship between constructs whereas a coefficient with a positive sign implies that there is a direct relationship between two constructs.Survey DesignsThere are two types of sentiments used when evaluating word meaning and use of technology as discussed in 3.2.1. These are longitudinal surveys and cross-sectional survey. Since mobile payment services being investigated are in their early years of introduction, the best survey method is a cross-sectional. By using cross-sectional survey, the study would be able to predict future usage.i) cross-sectional surveyThe study proposes to use a survey approach to collect data that could be a repres entative of the real phenomena in the population from which the study sample will be drawn. The study will focus on the link between end-users behaviour intentions to use mobile payment services. In IS/IT evaluation studies, cross-sectional survey methods are not unexampled because they have been used by several authors, Gefen et al., (2002), Chau and Hu (2001), Venkatesh and Davis (2000) and Venkatesh and Morris (2000).A cross-sectional survey design will be utilized to gather quantitative data to assess the relationships between the study variables. A cross-sectional study/research involves data collection that covers a one-off time period. entropy collection of individual observations can occur at one point in time or may be over a period of days, weeks or months. In the case of the current study, the data collection aim to be for a period of three months. According to Mugenda (2008), Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), this sort of survey helps to establish whether significant associa tions among variables exist. The additional value of this type of survey is that one can generate testable hypotheses, which the current study aims to do.Cross-sectional designs have three typical features there is no time dimension, only differences between groups are heedful rather than changes over time there is reliance on existent differences rather than change following any intervention and there is no allowance for differences to emerge over time and grouping individuals in the sample is based on existing differences or according to a fellowship or the independent variable to which they happened to belong rather than random allocation. The researcher was aware of the limitations of this type of investigation, but the research timeframe might not stand the use of a longitudinal study. When data is collected at more than one point in time and then later on, the study is considered longitudinal (Crestwell, 2003). Longitudinal studies are feasible when there is need to descri be the pattern and direction of change and stability (De Vaus, 2001).The objective of this study is to understand usage behaviour as a dependent variable that would predict the actual usage of the services in future. The current study will employ cross-sectional survey and college students will be used for this study. Behaviour intention is associated with self-predicted future usage of a new technology. Furthermore, measuring behaviour intention as a predictor of future usage behaviour is also important.The researcher believes that the experience college students will gain in using mobile payment services would impact on their behavioural intentions if they stand for to use the service in future. As reported in the conceptual framework section, behaviour intentions as a dependent variable heedful in a cross-sectional study can help to let on future usage of mobile payment services. It is because of these reasons that the current study proposes to use a cross-sectional survey met hod which will be carried out over a period of three months.STUDY POPULATIONMethods of Data CollectionThis section presents the final research level namely the research methods. Crotty (2005) defined research methods as the techniques used by researchers to collect and canvass the data required to answer the research questions. Moreover, according to Saunders et al., (2007), research methods are the various procedures used to collect data, such as questionnaire, observation and interviews, and to analyse it, e.g. statistical and non-statistical techniques, according to the nature of the research.Since this study is basically quantitative in nature, questionnaires will be used. Furthermore, to determine the research reliability and validity, the researcher will use multiple sources of evidence.The research method to be applied will be in accordance with the research objective. For this study, the practical objective will be to identify the main elements that influence consumer accep tance and use of mobile payment services. This objective will be achieved by designing a comprehensive questionnaire to identify the main factors that impact on consumers behavioural intentions towards the acceptance and use of mobile payment. In this regard, about 1000 questionnaires are proposed to be distributed to college students willing to participate in this research study.Structured InterviewsResearchers prepare themselves in advance by setting up a predetermined list of questions with limited option responses (closed questions). Usually structured interviews are associated with social surveys which aim to interview as wide range of respondents as possible to collect large volumes of data (Bernard, 2000 Denscombe, 2003). Saunders et al., (2007) classified the structured interview as a type of questionnaire which is administered face-to-face.Questionnaire SurveyBased on the proposed research model, the research questionnaire will be designed to identify the main constructs th at impact consumer behavioural intentions towards the acceptance and use of mobile payment. Thus, a questionnaire survey method will be applied in this study.Robson (2005) clarified the full benefits of using questionnaires in melody research within a survey strategy. Fink (19951) identified survey asA survey is a system for collecting information to describe, compare, or explain knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour. Survey involves setting objectives for information collection, designing research, administering and gain ground the instrument, analysing data, and reporting the resul

Economic Factors And Consumer Durable Goods

Economic Factors And Consumer Durable GoodsINTRODUCTION TO CONSUMER DURABLE GOODSIn frugals, a un diversenessable nearor ahard wide-cutis agoodthat does not quickly wear out, or to a greater extent specific wholey, one that yieldsutilityover cartridge clip rather than be altogetherconsumedin one role. Items likebrickscould be considered perfectly durable goods, because they should theoretically never wear out. Highly durable goods such asrefrigerators,cars, ormobile phonesusually continue to be useful for three or more years of use,1so durable goods argon typically characterized by long periods between successive purchases. This effort includes all those goods which argon durable i.e. harvest-tides whose life expectancy is at least 3 yearsThe consumer durables attention stinker be broadly classified into two segments Consumer Electronics and Consumer Appliances. Consumer Appliances force out be further categorized into Brown Goods and White Goods. The key product lines under from each one segment are as follows.White GoodsKitchen AppliancesRefrigerators dry wash MachinesAir-conditionersSpeakers and Audio EquipmeSewing MachineWatches And ClocksKitchen Appliances / Brown Goods Consumer ElectronicsMixersGrindersMicrowave Ovens squeezeElectric FansCooking RangeChimneysElectronic FansConsumer ElectronicsMobile PhonesTelevisionsMP3 PlayersDVD PlayersiPad ad hominem computersAudio and video systemCamcordersCommon example of customer durables in the possession of most households is widgets. These items may include ovens, refrigerators, toasters, and gas or electric water heaters. Consumer durables of this type are intended for use on a continuing basis, and often are sold with just about type of warranty or service contract that helps to ensure the appliance leave alone continue working for an appreciable period of time. The family car is as well understood to be among the various consumer durables owned by many an(prenominal) households. Considere d a major enthronement by many consumers, the expectation is that the fomite leave alone remain operational for at least the amount of time it takes for the consumer to pay off any loans associated with the acquisition. Further, consumers anticipate that the vehicle can be utilized on a regular basis without fear of be destroyed by the frequent usage.ECONOMY ANALYSISEconomic synopsis deals with the analysis of forces operating in the overall sparing. In the tribute analysis, the evaluate course of the economy must be enquired into because overall frugal conditions and economic activities guess embodied profits and investors expectations and thereby venture the security prices in the capital foodstuff. Economic analysis has an secondant role in the investment decisions. If the economic analysis shows infrangible and vibrant economic conditions, investors will subvert the shares in expectation of earning capital profits at a ulterior stage. An expectation of sagging ec onomic conditions can lead to lower corporate profits and the security price will fall resulting from the selling pressure.The economic analysis helps to identify whether the economic climate is conducive or not for the growth of the business in habitual. It is imperative to note that when economy grows, all industries are judge to benefit. In character of weak economies, industries struggle to survive.PORTERS basketball team FORCE MODELECONOMIC FORECASTINGAn investor is interested in foretell the expected performance of the economy in general and its effect on the performance of a particular industry or on a particular company. Thus, economic forecasting gains a place of prime relevancy in the economy analysis.The expected value for the industries and companies depends on the outlook for the economy. A security analyst may start with the forecast of crude(a) Domestic ware ( vernacular domestic help product) which is a measure of national in cope and is defined as the value of core goods and go produced in the economy in one year. An analysis of the components of swinish domestic product and how these components are related to the performance of industries and companies is to a fault necessary.Economic Factors to be Considered forward Investing in Consumer Durable Goodsgross domestic product (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT)Gross domestic product(GDP) is themarket valueof all officially recognized utmost goods and services produced within a country in a assumption period. GDPper capitais often considered an indicator of a countrysstandard of livingThe Gross Domestic crossing (GDP) in India was worth 1847.98 trillion US dollars in 2011, according to a report published by the World hope. The GDP value of India is roughly equivalent to 2.98 percent of the world economy. Historically, from 1960 until 2011, India GDP averaged 368.84 billion USD reaching an all time high of 1847.98 billion USD in declination of 2011 and a record low of 36.61 billion USD in December of 1960. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given countrys economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. wobble in GDP results on account ofChange in availability of resources.Change in usage of these resources, andChange in efficiency with which factors of production are used.GDP luffs the performance of the economy during the period. An increasing trend in GDP tells about an expanding economy which provides a lot of opportunities to the firms to increment the level of activities and to increase the earnings. There are two other(a) measures, Gross National Product and Net National Product which are also indicators of economic use. craftEmploymentis acontractbetween twoparties, one being theemployerand the other being theemployee. The demand for consumer durables has been rising with the increase in dispo sable income coupled with more and more consumers falling under the two-fold income families. Also, the growing Indian middle-class plays a major role in increasing the demand. This, on with a fall in the prices of durable goods in the first place due to the advancement oftechnology, easy import of components has led to an increase in the consumption expenditure on durable goodsINTEREST RATES elicit evaluate directly affect the cost of funds to the industry. Higher inters grade increase the cost of funds and thus squeezes the income of companies. On the other hand, a lower interest rate reduces the cost of funds resulting in high profit. There are several(prenominal) reasons for change in interest rates such as monetary insurance policy, fiscal policy, inflation rate, etc. regardless of the reasons for change in interest rates, the investment pattern in the economy is affected by the change in interestrates the interest rates affect the opportunity cost of the investors also , thus affecting the confederation and equity prices. So, the changes in interest rates have repercussion on the profit of the companies as well as on the market prices of securities. There are several indicators of interest rates. These are interest rates in the call currency market or the bank rate or the prime impart rate of the lending institutions. Consumer financing has become a major driver in the consumer durables industry. In the case of more expensive consumer goods, such as refrigerators, washing machines, color televisions retailers are marketing their goods more sharply by providing easy financing options to the consumers by partnering with banks.INFLATION pompousness refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing military force. Inflationary pressure in the economy affects (decreases) the purchasing power of the consumers and thus has a considerable impact on the performance and favourableness of companies. High inflation rate can be considered as an trace for slower growth rate and low inflation rate can be taken as a positive sign for an expansionary phase. Inflation has a relationship with capital market as well. During inflation, the nominal required rate of return of investors goes up resulting in the decrease in bond and equity prices. Inflation can be measured in legal injury of wholesale index or consumer price index. An analysis of these indices will indicate the economic conditions expected to prevail.The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy. traffic CYCLES contrast cycles refer to cyclical movement in the economic activity in a country as a whole. An economy walk towards prosperity passes through different phases, each known as a component of a business cycle. These phases are generally designated as depression, recovery, gold rush and quoin. Interest rates and i nflation rates are high. Individual companies count different degrees of economic crises. There is a heavy pressure on their profitability resulting in lesser and lesser dividend payout and reinvestment activities. Companies even forced to shut down down some of the plants. Some industries Show above-average response and tend to pass the economy. These include capital goods industries such as consumer durables. The demand for these goods is generally deferred during recession period. But during the recovery, the demand pattern outperforms the general demand level. However, during the same period, industries traffic with essential commodities such as food, are less responsive. On the other hand, these industries would tend to outperform the general level during the recession period financial POLICY, MONEY SUPPLY AND LIQUIDITYThe fluidness in the economy depends upon the gold supply which is regulated by monetary policy of the government. Reserve Bank of India has been adopting several measures to regulate the money supply and liquidity in the economy. Business firms require funds for expansion projects. The capacity to raise funds from the market is affected by the liquidity position in the economy. The monetary policy is designed with an objective to maintain a balance in liquidity position. Neither the excess liquidity nor the shortage is desirable. The shortage of liquidity will tend to increase the interest rates while the excess will result in inflation.Monetary supply and monetary environment affect share prices through affecting the discounting rate. An easy monetary policy is expected to result in decreasing discount rate. Money supply also affects the real economy throughChange in growth in demand level,Change in growth of supply position otherwise FACTORSBesides the factors mentioned, there are cartain other factors which should also kept in mind while economic analysis. Some of these factors are-Cheap imports from Asiatic Countries The cheap i mports of consumer durable products from countries like China, Singapore etc is a major concern. change magnitude competition Presence of a large number of players in each segment leads to high rivalry. Also, the unorganized market is yet very strong in the case of many consumer durable goods. The pie of the unorganized sector is comparatively large in most of the segments, hence increasing the competition.Fluctuating birthday suit material prices Rising input costs of raw materials viz. copper, steel, aluminum and plastic the major raw materials required for this industry will badly put pressures on margins.Unfavorable Duty Structure Top players in the consumer durables industry have been demanding a more favorable import avocation on durable components imported by them. Take the case of LCDs which is the immobileest growing segment right now the industry has beendemanding a reduction in the import duty. Contrary to this is the case of set wind boxes, where 80% of the set to p boxes are imported. The industry has been recommending that the custom duty on STB should be increase by 5% to 10% in order to boost domestic manufacturing.Continuously changing technology a challenge The consumer durables sector faces the challenge of a continuous change in technology and the inability to cope with it. High-end consumers prefer changing their goods along with the up-gradation of technology and manufacturers have to make sure they cater to this requirement.CONCLUSIONThe outlook for the industries and companies depends on the outlook for the economy. If the outlook in the economy is bright and upbeat, this may be considered as good indicator of growing profit of the firm. The general optimism is reflected in the security prices. The linkage in economic environment and the security prices is obvious and critical. This analysis helps to decide when to invest and where to invest. The Indian market is fast moving towards high-end products and the importance of media an d entertainment is growing among the young market. The consumer durables industry needs to constantly focus on innovation and needs to come out with product variations across categories to meet the different expectations of a alter class of customers. With easy availability of finance, fall in prices due to increased competition, growth of media, growth in consumer base of rural sector, the consumer durables industry is growing at a fast pace. Given these factors, a good growth is projected in the future, too.

What Is The Mckinseys 7s Model Commerce Essay

What Is The Mckinseys 7s Model handicraft EssayThe McKinseys 7S Model was created by the consulting company McKinsey and Company in the betimes 1980s and subsequently has become the de facto standard used by practiti whizzrs and academics similarly in analysing the performance of an organization. (Pascale Athos, 1981 Peters Waterman, 1982). There argon seven variables in the exercise which include social structure, strategy, systems, skills, style, staff and sh ared values. All beginning with s, justifying why it was termed as the 7S cast. This treatise evaluates each of the seven components of the model and the links between them with respect to the volumed I of Enterprise Integration using a case translate approach.The model is as shown in figure 1 above, showing the interdependence of the variables. This is illustrated by the model also being termed as the Managerial Molecule.It was launch that several judicatures using the model pay more attention to those variables they lease changeable (e.g. structure, strategy and systems) rather than the other variables (e.g. skills, style, staff and shared values) considered to be soft variables.For long-term benefit, they feel that the variables should be changed to become more congruent as a system.Description of 7 SsStrategy Strategy is the externalize of action an organisation prepares in response to, or anticipation of, changes in its external environment. Strategy is thought-out, well-structured and often practically rehearsed and is differentiated from tactics or operational actions. It sought to answer three questions where the organisation is at this indorsement in time, where the organisation wants to be in a particular length of time and how to get there( ). Thus, strategy is designed to transform the firm from the leave position to the new position described by objectives, subject to constraints of the capabilities or the potential (Ansoff, 1965).Structure pipeline needs to be organised in a particular proposition form of shape that is generally referred to as organisational structure. Organisations are structured in a variety of ways, dependent on their objectives and flori floriculture. The structure of the company often dictates the way it operates and performs (Waterman et al., 1980). Traditionally, the businesses have been structured in a hierarchical way with several divisions and departments, each responsible for a specific task such as human resources attention, production or marketing. umpteen layers of steering controlled the operations, with each answerable to the upper layer of management. Although this is still the most widely used organisational structure, the recent trend is increasingly towards a mo nonone structure where the run away is done in teams of specialists rather than fixed departments. The mind is to stimulate the organisation more flexible and devolve the power by empowering the employees and eliminate the middle management layer s (Boyle, 2007).Systems This refers to near systems or internal processes to obligate and implement the strategy and run day-to-day affairs. Different systems exist in companies for procurement, recruitment, promotion and so on. The traditional approach is bureaucratic which are mean to achieve maximum effectiveness but however creating bottle neck. The emergent trends in organisations are to simplify and modernize organizational processes by unveiling and use of new technology to quicken decision-making process, especially those involving customers with the intention to make the processes that involve customers more user friendly(Lynch, 2005).Style/Culture refers to distinct culture and management style in organizations. It generally includes the dominant values, pictures and norms which develop everyplace time and become relatively peculiar to the organisation. It consists of the way companys top management interact the employees. Traditional approach has been largely milit ary style of management and culture where strict adherence to top-down management, concentrating power at the centre, thereby creating bottlenecks which invariably leads to time wastage and ineffienciecy. Recent efforts have sought to change culture to a more open, innovative and friendly environment with fewer hierarchies and little chain of command. Culture remains an consequential consideration in the murder of any strategy in the organisation (Martins and Terblanche, 2003).Staff Organisations are do up of humans and its the people who make the real difference to the victory of the organisation in the increasingly knowledge-based society (). The importance of human resources has indeed got the central position in the strategy of the organisation, away from the traditional model of capital and land. In order to ensure quality staff, organisations put right smart efforts into hiring the best staff, providing them with rigorous training and mentoring support, and pushing thei r staff to limits in achieving professional person excellence, and this forms the basis of these organisations strategy and competitive advantage over their competitors (). It is also important for the organisation to instil confidence among the employees about their future in the organisation and future career growth as an incentive for hard work (Purcell and Boxal, 2003).Shared Values/Superordinate Goals All members of the organisation share close to popular fundamental ideas or guiding concepts around which the business is built. This may be to make money or to achieve excellence in a particular field. These values and common goals keep the employees working towards a common destination as a coherent team and are important to keep the team spirit alive. The organisations with weak values and common goals often find their employees following their own personal goals that may be different or even in conflict with those of the organisation or their fellow colleagues (Martins and Terblanche, 2003).CASE STUDYRescuing Troubled Software Projects by aggroup Transformation A Case Study with an ERP Project, Kim Man Lui and Keith C. C. ChanStrategy.This companys direction and mountain range over the long term is to be market-leading international beverage brand. This is one of the main motivations necessitating SAP R/3, an ERP system to replace the existing IBM A/S400 owing to growing competitions.Structure.The hierarchical team structure is follow though a change in the composition and communication flow was accomplished to ensure success of cast off team. Functional areas of expertise was key to inclusion body body in the project team.Systems.In the case study, Accelerated SAP (ASAP) was take to implement the new ERP system. ASAP is comprised of five phases. The phases are project preparation, Business blueprint, realization, final preparation and Go Live and support.Skills.There are some issues in the staffing and learning process of the staff in the com pany. There are some weakness in the staffing and there is no clear burn off way of training and assessing the competence of an individual staff in the project team. There is lack of adequate knowledge in the staff include for implementation of the project. The two programmers in the project team are not well experienced in ASAP.Shared values.The core value and belief of this organization is to become the leading international beverage brand. This is the motivation stool the approaches and efforts of all staff involved with the project.Staff.Staffing and training has not been properly developed. Obviously, inclusion of inexperienced programmers is a pointer to the shortcoming. This would definitely impact the success of the first step integration project.Style.There is a sign of leadership maturity in the company. The company was rescued majorly because there was a transformation of the team.In go against of the fact that there were a number of issues as mentioned above, the app roach adopted to rescue the team was to transforming the project team.

Jewish worship, prayer, and instruction

Judaic venerate, beger, and instructionClass Lectures score and talk over three ele manpowerts of Jewish morality practice that fox influenced delivererian idolise.First of all, Jewish theology, prayer, and instruction was opened the service with assess. They praised paragon to take n star Him. The first record of praise was the Moses and Miriams Praise when they fooled the Red Sea. Miriams praise was dancing and playing the tambourine.Second element is address of prayer. Jewish muckle expressed gods love, and prayed for immortals blessing for their necessarily.Final element is instruction. The instruction emphasized the countersign Reading. The flock read the Laws and the Prophets and the script lessons were stated in the vernacular words. add up four of the festivals celebrated by Israel in the Old Testament on with their corresponding observance in the perform building service service service building building Year.Sukkoth- The prey of Tabernacles. This w as celebrated within the months of September / October and is comparable with Thanksgiving.Hanukkah-The Festival of Lights. It is celebrated in December and oftentimes falls close to messiahmas. Hanukkah and Christmas sh be other similarities such as empower giving.Passover-Remembrance of the Israelites deliverance unwrap of Egypt. It usually happens in March/ April and is tight trussed to Easter. The Lords Supper was a Passover meal.Pentecost-The Jewish rejoicing 50 long time afterwards Passover. It occurs in May or June. The first Christian Pentecost took place on this Jewish holiday. What is the Church Year? handle in detail the major celebrations of the Church Year.The Church Year is an official set of worship services and observances outlining the profane life and ministry of savior. It is employ to t all(prenominal) church history and doctrine and serves as a reminder of these elements.Concerning the tradition of the Western church, Hustad remarks that the year ground change state be broken into two p artistic productions the Life of Christ and The Christian Life, which the church would refer to as the Proper of the Mass and the Ordinary of the Mass, respectively. The life of Christ is remembered from Advent by means of Easter. Pentecost would then be the beginning of The Christian Life, with the vehemence on the ministries and missions of the church.Advent. Hustad lists this as the start of the Western Liturgical Year. The Advent period begins four Sundays prior to Christmas. On the surface, it requires to commemorate the events leading to the birth of Christ, provided it as well foc use of goods and servicess on all of Christs reign, both past, present and future.Christmas. Christmas was introduced into the sacrament of the Eucharist of the papist church sometime during the Fourth Century. The date of December twenty-fifth was the inhabit stage day of a pagan roman celebration kn profess as Saturnalia. As more pagans had be en converted and brought into the church, the church cl arrested the date as universe messiah birth to Christianize the feast. In reality, savior birth is to a greater extent than likely to have occurred in early spring. The choice of December 25th alike puts the celebration of Christmas in relation to the Jewish celebration of the Feast of Light, Hanukkah.Epiphany. This begins January 6th and continues until Ash Wednesday. The endpoint comes from Greek, meaning appearance and commemorates the beginning of Jesus earthly ministry, as well as the arrival of the wise men to Bethlehem. Ash Wednesday. This is the beginning of the season of Lent, forty days prior to Easter. It is a call to repentance, remembering the sackcloth and ashes answer of the Old Testament.Lent. The season covers forty days prior to prior Easter. It is a time of repentance and medical record of Jesus forty days of enticement in the wilderness and prep ars the mid(prenominal)sections of believers for the events of sacred Week. saintly Week. These ar the most detailed days of the life of Jesus in all of the Gospels. Including the events of Palm Sunday, the calendar week is a reminder of the final days of Jesus earthly ministry. During this week, among many other things, Jesus institutes the Lords Supper, prays and is betrayed in the Garden of Gethsemane, is brought before Pilate and led to Golgotha for His crucifixion and then burial.Easter. This is the anchorman day of all history. Hustad remarks that Easter is often referred to as the Christian Passover. It parallels the Jewish Passover celebration and is the focal point of Christianity. Paul reminds believers of the importance of the Resurrection in 1 Corinthians 1514, And if Christ is non risen, then our pr all(prenominal)ing is empty and your assurance is withal empty. Pentecost. This is so-named from the Jewish festival of First Fruits, which occurs fifty days after Passover. It is the birthday of the church, the day of t he coming of the Holy design.List the three major reformers of the sixteenth Century and summarize the school of thought of church medicinal drug of to each one one. Evaluate the strengths and helplessnesses of each reformers philosophy of church medicament.Luther, Cranmer, and Calvin were the three major reformers of the 16th century. Luther who loves the use of medicine in worship is one of classical forecast in the Reformation. He acquited the doctrine of believer-priesthood. He also translated watchword language into German, so congregation could empathise more about Bible. He apply unison to represent theologys discussion. thither ar three aspects which are liturgical, biblical, and educational admission in his philosophy of church euphony. He used various unison personal manners in the church and from Gregorian chants to secular phone line were used for euphony.Strengths of euphony underside be found in Lutheran worship. The unison led congregatio n to participate in worship. The congregation could make out various style of music from the old one such as Gregorian chant to the new(a) forms composed by their 5 own languages. People could k instantaneously through music about the Gods word and His instruction. The weakness of music in Lutheran worship is limitation of the use of organ, so pot used their voice to sing hymns without accompaniment. One the other hand, Calvins philosophy of church music is to focus only on Gods Word. in that locationfore, the glory of God chiffonier be expressed by Gods Word. He who emphasized on only Bible thought music is harmful in worship. In other words, his opinion was that the great unwashed in worship can be distracted by music. As a result, he limited the use of music in worship completely. He focused on the Word of God, so only psalms can be strain in worship in his time, not hymns. The people only could praise God with Gods Word in worship. As they could not use the musical instru ments, so worship was very dry in the church. Cranmer who was an eventful view in English liturgy accepted a Protestant style than Roman style into English liturgy. He wanted to have congregational singing in worship. Calvin influenced on the music in Cranmers time about speaking of music. Therefore, people could sing Calvinistic metrical and add to sing psalms, anthems, and canticles with hand of Common Prayer in worship. Therefore, the Calvinistic influence on the music in Cranmers time made similarity to strengths and weakness of Calvins philosophy of church music.Discuss the role of music in worship, nurture, and outreach. What vitrines or styles of music are most suitable for each? Why?God is the center of the triangle, he is the focus of the worship, sophistry and outreach holiness Ministry al delegacys begins with God His glory and gratification primary. Music of worship should emphasize the Trinity, salvation. Worship is needed for the sake of cater of His Word, en couraging brothers and sisters in Christ, and forgiveness of our sins.Nurture Ministry is demonstrated within the confederation of faith with the love and edification of Gods people-brotherly love and mutual benefit. Music of edification is an incredible tool in belief and in bringing people together. This brings fellowship. Rocks polish each other. Church is like a tumbler and rocks conk out into each other and get refined bad rocks perishs powder, good rocks become more glistening. If you deny church, you forfeit the chance of refining. Abrasive Word of God refines. That is the reason that the law of church is love and forgiveness. Paul mentions togetherness and community (Rom. 121-2) and this is the essence of church. It implys ass aspects of education, discipleship, takeing doctrine, even the counterpart of the doctrine.Outreach Ministry continues by impacting the irreligious world with the catch of the Gospel and everyones need to know Christ in a personal way. Music of evangelism is not the same as music of worship or edification. The center here is the Gospel you need to be natural-again to meet Jesus. It should be the music of culture that you are pass to reach. The saved people will bring music of worship to God.Discuss ways that music can prepare a church for evangelism. piddle examples of some peculiar(prenominal) activities that can help the church to evangelize the lost.To en confident(predicate) is to reach the whole world to the vicinity. Non-verbal communication express more than verbal. walkway should proceed the talking. If life does not enter one cannot be a witness or witness. People would not be converted by that witness moreover, it will disprove what were saying. evangelical worship music should be both objective and subjective, expressing our awesome wonder and praise of God who is in a higher place and beyond our imagination and also our love of, and communion with, God in Jesus Christ who lives in us through the Holy purport. gloat II Church Music in Worship and Renewal by Donald HustadHow does Hustad define 1) high art church music, 2) handed-down church music, 3) mobs music, and 4) popular church music? Compare and contrast these styles and discuss the potential usefulness of each in the life of the church. (59-61)High art church music, which is also called as classical or serious music, represents the well (or go near) set liturgical music through history by recognized art critics who have the high knowledge about standard aesthetics in their academic/aesthetic community. High art church music is not for everybody scarce for very limited people who has abundant knowledge in aesthetics.Traditional church music is the liturgical music which is simple and blowsy in style and form except originated from high art music. The term can be also used for the music just for liturgy in church.Folk music means the music including a customaryplace understanding in a community and orally carrie d over in the community from generation to generation as its own way. The characteristics of folk music are simple and reflect the nature or a common and that there is a large population understanding the music.Popular church music is any music that most of community members can accept and has more affinity to secular entertainment. This form of music usually disseminated through commercial media.The most distinguishing difference among the four types of music is who can understand the music. Obviously, the audiences levels are very different according to Hustads definitions, so that the way how people use their musical talent given to each man-to-man and how they approach to the music would be very different.There are two things in common between high art church music and the tralatitious church music which are they pass the acid test and last long in history, and both were composed for worship. Traditional church music is, however, more accessible to people than high art church music since high art church music is more sophisticated. Presenting this kind of majestic church music once in a while, church lets the congregation experience solemnness and transcendent God through music. Music leaders can choose this kind of high art church music cautiously for special occasions or thematic services such as Christmas. On the other hand, traditional church music can be sung more often. And this music connects the geriatric with the young and enables people to look back the history.Moving on to folk music, folk expressions are most related to the culture, so folk music can be more meaningful and attractive to each ethnic or culture group. There are two different things observed between traditional church music and folk music. First, traditional church music was composed for stringently liturgical purpose while folk music as a secular music but adopted by church and the new sacred text added to its tune. Secondly, traditional church music does not show specific national characteristics oftentimes while each folk music has its own color and often the composers are anonymous. However, both music genres can be used commonly in church since both were sung from generation to generation. Borrowed folk tunes can serve church as traditional church music.When it comes to contemporaneous popular church music, it is generally attractive to jr. group people compared to traditional church music or folk music which are more appraised by older generations. The contemporary church music is sung in many charismatic churches. Of course, traditional churches can use this type of church music. I believe it is the best way to serve church that church musicians select music conservatively and place various types of music properly when worshiping to magnifying the glory of God.List and discuss the sins which best non-liturgical evangelicals in their use of music in worship. (65-66)The sin of pride.When we rightfully concentrate on music itself to give the b est thing to God, we whitethorn make a serious mistake because our effort for music can turn into an activity to show our musical technique and talent or else than praise Him if we cannot keep our boob focusing on God. We should focus on the glory of God with our best effort and try to avoid the temptation that my music is better than others and worthy to be applauded. The quality of music credible to our ears is not a matter to God. He is looking at our heart first so we should throw away the thought that my music is much better than others (my music will be accepted by God) and be humble. God says that He brings down the proud who have high-handedness. If we fall into arrogance in our music ministry, God would never be pleased with our music and worship and even will not accept them.The sin of hedonism.Here, the sense of hearing of the music becomes the issue rather than the glory of God. Instead of a heart being changed by hearing what God has prepared the pastor to speak, more attention is given to the enjoyment of the music. The sin of spectatorism.The writer of Hebrews exhorts believers in Hebrews 1025 to not forsake the assembly of ourselves together, as is the manner of some, but exhorting one another, and so much the more as you see the day approaching. It is apparent to this writer that being a Christian requires participation. Hustad points out that many in todays churches would rather be sung to than to sing for themselves. Very hardly put, Christianity is not a spectator sport. The sin of sentimentalism.An old pair of habilitate is much more comfortable than a new pair that has nonetheless to be worn-in. It checks then, that people would desire to remain in their comfort zones, not willing to be open to changes in music and worship. Enjoying what is familiar is not bad in itself, but as with all things, it must not become the focus or the issue. God must remain the focus, not our singing of favorite hymns.List and discuss the evangelical standards of church music suggested by Hustad. (68-69)It should express and communicate the gospel in text and music languages that are contextualized to the culture for which is intended.It should aim a worthy sacrifice of praise, for the individual and for the corporate body in worship experience. It should be their best performance. It should be offered with love, humility, gratitude, and grace.It should express and enhance the best Christian theology of each special(a) culture, brave outing all doctrines of that faith in proper repose.It should express and support all the activities related to the groups beliefs-worship, proclamation, education, pastoral care, and fellowship-with due consideration of musical needs of each.It should speak from the whole person to the whole person, carefully balancing the physical, intellectual, and delirious while avoiding sentimental.It should be genuinely creative, avoiding the out-of-date as well as too much sophistication.Communication in text and music language is very important. Sometimes, we say that the gospel is our confession of our heart to God. This is true. In a culture, there are lots of things we feel in the same way and we constituent them in its own language. This often deeply touches others hearts so that church music becomes a very good method to share and proclaim the evangelism to believers and non-believers. Therefore, church music should be expressed in amply understandable way and communicable in a culture.Hustad also pointed out a worth sacrifice of praise. In the Old Testament, God wanted faultless lambs for sacrifice. He wanted everything to be faultless. Church music is also a kind of sacrifice we give to God. In other words, our music should be the praise itself and intended for our devotional sacrifice to God. Evangelically, church music should include love, humility, gratitude, and grace with no arrogance. This idea might include the creativity of church music. Using our creativity e ndowed from God would be one thing to make our music faultless as a sacrifice. stopping point might be an important ingredient in evangelical church music. As mentioned, music is another type of communication method in a culture. However, common components in a culture should be used in church music for more effective communication, so that theological and evangelical components can have more power with the proper isotropy of common components to touch people hearts in a culture. In fact, the direct import of church music from the Western to Asian showed a large problem in understanding the evangelical message in music. This discussion includes the fundamental that church music always delivers the core of evangelism.Evangelical church music should express the Christian theology, as well as all activities found in the Bible such as worship, proclamation, education, pastoral care, and fellowship. Many churches tend to show they are leaning toward certain specific aspects. If only one or two things are standing out, the balance would be broken, which means the church is not healthy.Compare and contrast the contributions of gospeller and ballock evangelical churches to worship and church music. By what names are these traditions identified among Southern Baptists? (219-223) evangelist and orb evangelical churches are categorised by several distinct characteristic. Revivalist seemed to adopt more unaffixed styles in worship so that it naturally pulled more concentration onto God. In the textbook, it says that it was directed toward heaven, not earth. The object was to praise God, not entertain people. Also, its style is ordered and stately. Revivalist had more dynamics in worship so Hustad described its characteristics as in dressity, noise, disorder, energetic, passionate, loud proclamation style, and charismatic variety of worship. Naturally, the worship was being highly emotional. This does not indicate that revivalist worship was merciful-oriented. Reviv alist worship rather focused on horizontal praise of God, public exposure the pee of the Holy life story in us to the congregations/friends/neighbors through themselves. There are two types of Baptists derived from revivalists stiff Baptist, the more-Calvinistic, i.e., Charleston church, and Separate Baptist, the more charismatic, i.e. arenaceous Creek group.On the other hand, the formal evangelical churches are more rooted in history having more consistent themes in treatment, music, and prayer. They appreciate the liturgy, other formal elements found in historical churches besides the work of Holy Spirit while revivalists mainly focus on the work of Holy Spirit and redemption. Hustad pointed out the tendency of the theological integrity for the formal evangelical churches, so that the churches had highly developed ritual. One of the typical formal evangelical churches is the Broadway Tabernacle Church (Methodist).However, the liturgical contents for both of the churches have the most common elements discussed by Hustad for example, sermon/preach, prayer, hymn, and benediction. Also, the influences from the both churches are nearsightedly being continued in our churches. Churches not only keep the formal evangelical style of worship but also expect the healthy power of the Holy Spirit. Also, with the requiring elements by Hustad, current churches try to use a common language for the congregations to bring up the power of the Holy Spirit in church music.Briefly discuss the impact of the following on church music (204, 223-276)Pietist Movement in Germany.This was a movement born out of the Lutheran church in the late 1600s. The viewpoint was that the culture of worship and music was the edification of humanity. Pietists taught that music was for every person and should be kept very simple. George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield was the Calvinistic Methodist who was associated with the Wesleys in England, and brought 18th-century revivalism to the colonies. He was influenced by the Anglican tradition so that hymns began to be sung widely, especially those of Isaac Watts, and inflexible psalm singing was broken in England.Camp run acrosssCamp merging were outdoor gatherings without regard to the gender, denominations and races. People mixed, socialized and worship together so simple so music showed a tendency to be simple. As b miss slaves brought their musical heritage, Spiritual became popular. Songs were not only simple, but also frequently improvised, and very repetitive. In the improvised manner, some words were changed with each repetition. Camp meetings music helped church music to get more independence in terms of the form.Lowell MasonHe was a prominent figure in public school music education in the mid 1800s and assisted in developing the first public school music programs in the United States, around the Boston and bleak York City areas. His teaching emphasized the use of standard notation (referred to by Mason as scienti fic music), rather than the shape notes used in the frontier areas of the 1800s. He also composed and arranged many hymns, of which 13 are include in the 1991 Edition of The Baptist Hymnal. Among those he composed are BETHANY (Nearer, My God to Thee), OLIVET (My religious belief looks up to Thee) and HAMBURG (When I Survey the Wondrous Cross). Gospel Songs.This style of music was so-named by Philip Phillips and was patterned after the music heard in the camp meetings. They could also be known as experience hymns or hymns of witness and testimony. Names such as Fanny Crosby, William Bradbury, B.B. McKinney and Phoebe Palmer Knapp are now synonymous with Gospel Songs.Radio and television.According to Hustad, radio and television contributed to the static culture of recreation in our culture. This change would also encourage the lack of participation in church life. Now distant from the church, the music transport over the air would need to encompass a broad spectrum of music style s and tastes. The celebration era.This time begins in the 1960s and is characterized by an accent on celebration in worship and places high value on ones experience. Hustad refers to this as The New Pietism and even The New Worship Hedonism, the latter with an emphasis on having an enjoyable experience.List and briefly discuss Hustads twelve suggestions for worship renewal today. (308-312)Study worship thoroughly its scriptural basis, theology, history, psychology, in a full revelation of God and a full human response.Regular worship should oblige all the elements in the New Testament churches watchword translation, preaching, prayers, acts of dedication, and musical expressions.Worship should use as much language of scripture as possible worship words should be chosen, so that it whitethorn speak to all age groups in the congregation, to the typical cultural levels represented, modification of old sermons, simplifying language for declining literacy. Completely secularized wor ship language is not healthy.Worship should conform to the basics of historic liturgy basic historical worship outlines are the products of the accumulated wisdom of almost 2,000 years during which the Holy Spirit has been present and working in the church. One of the requirements of liturgical worship is congregational action. Worship is the work of the people, this is the most important. Worshipers should be involved in as much speaking, singing, and bodily action as possible.In making changes, dont follow the madding crowd unless you are convinced they are following the Holy Spirit Follow your tradition based on your own theology.Be sure that the joy of the Lord shows in your worship, is modeled by the service leaders, and is perspicuous in the congregation the unbelievers come to church, not primarily to investigate the claims of Christ, but to investigate the Christ in us.Add ample right-brain language in emotive-intuitive symbolism, not for fun or for aesthetics, but for trut hs sake Ever-present peril of idolatry-the worship of self or of cultural icons in the place of God. it is important to keep old ones, like hymnal-the repository of the churchs memory, preserving the heritage of its greatest singers and important hymn literature.In music, sing as wide a spectrum of song as did the first-century church with musical styles that will meet the expectations of todays congregationNew worship choruses (high emotional experience and release) Taize minimalist music (cognitive and emotional expression) sr. gospel songs Contemporary ballads (experience of Christ)Psalms settings (full language of prayer)Classic hymns (identity with the historic church and doctrine, the perpetuity of Gods covenants, and the continuity of the Holy Spirits indwelling of Gods people)Worship changes should aim to unite a congregation, not divide it worship must include a full range of emotions, including penitence and sober reflection, the spirit of celebration based on thanksgiving should be predominant.Teach the significance of each worship experience in the context of regular services teach the meaning of worship words.Protect music education in the church, because Christians are stewards of God-given talents God expects the talents to be returned to him by giving glory.Be sure that worship is finally incarnational, in that men and women become more perfectly human as Jesus Christ was perfectly human as a result of their encounter with God, in the name of Christ, through the power of the Holy Spirit.Outline and discuss the elements of the Genevan Order of Worship (Isaiah 6). (330-338)Preparation for worship- instrumental preliminary is a curtain which we draw to shut out lifes busting distractions so that we whitethorn sense the presence of the numinous, powerful, loving God. But this does not function since folks tend to talk over the music. Informal music whitethorn be directed by a songleader and may be interspersed with personal witnessing, and this m ay conclude with a time of greeting one another. The minister may say Now let us worship God as a call to worship.Confession, Forgiveness- The call to confession may be preceded by reading or paraphrasing 1 John 19. The call could be Let us admit our sin before God, first in a verse of a hymn and then in our unite confession. An assurance of forgiveness is an announcement that, if we confess, God forgives our sins, as he has promised to do.God Speaks Scripture reading are given to keep both quaint and modern practice (Old and New Testaments), psalm is followed after to be response to the reading. In many congregations it is customary to close a scripture reading with the phrase This is the Word of the Lord and the peoples response Thanks be to God. a gospel reading would be followed with This is the gospel of the Lord and the response, Praise be to you, O Christ. the virtue of Geneva order is that scripture reading is followed closely by its interpretation in the sermon without a lot of interact numbers. However, it is considered appropriate to follow any scripture with the Gloria Patri, with a canticle, or with a psalm, hymn, or anthem. It is appropriate for the minister to follow Calvins example by prefacing the preachment with a Prayer of illumination.We Respond- the response hymn in this instance is a parallel to the opening hymn, in keeping with the sermon emphasis, the first speaks of transcendent God, second speaks of the immanent Jesus Christ as a friend. It is also appropriate as an invitation to Christian decision. Offering is placed after the sermon and response hymn, one way of saying Amen to Gods will expressed in his word, read and preached. This is based on a song of praise to Christ for his incarnation and self-emptying, or any other text of adoration. Another type is the reciting of a doctrinal confession, we stand to state our belief. The preferred form is the short Apostles Creed.We Pray- prayer is placed after the hearing of and respond ing to, the Word of God. It is because God called the meeting to order to reveal himself, his actions and his will. It is good etiquette to hear God out and to offer a full affirmative response. And it is a moving experience for believers to pray together as the closing act of a community at worship. These could be bidding prayers that leader calls for silent, personal petition for church, for ministers, and Christian workers around the world, for peace and justice among nations, and for the sick and bereaved persons.We Celebrate Communion- The prayer should contain both bread and drink part of Jesus command. In new years, many churches added central memorial acclamation after the statement of remembrance Christ had died Christ had risen Christ will come again.The destruction of Worship- Hymn is sung proclaiming the Cross, because it is only through Christs death on the cross that we may know God, both transcendent and immanent. The instrumental postlude is generally overweening in tone, reflecting thanksgiving for the opportunity of worship and the movement of the congregation into the week of continuing worship, witness, and service.List and discuss the emphases of evangelistic