Report of findings to the Community Health Department Essay

It has been brought to my attention that there may be an illness spreading throughout the middle schools due to a recent rise in student absences. In researching the recent absences, I’ve noticed that in 2 of the 4 middle schools, Truman and Jackson, there was an unusual spike in the absences of band students on May 20 and 21. I reviewed the school calendars and noticed that Truman and Jackson Middle School had a Battle of the Bands event scheduled on May 19. Interviews were conducted with some of the absentees’ parents, it has come to my attention that some of the band members likely went out to dinner after the event. I looked into recent health inspections of local restaurants available from the Health Department and there are several health violations at restaurants in close proximity to the schools. The school nurse also provided information that food poisoning symptoms can start within a day or two of eating contaminated food, which, based on interviews conducted, is when these students began seeing symptoms. After reviewing the available data from the health department and schools, I offer that the absences are most likely related to food poisoning and not a contagious illness such as the flu or other epidemic. There would be no need to alert students, parents or the community about an outbreak. Thank you, Joanna Aeschbacker Community Health Department Investigator ? After conducting my investigation, I would have to ask a few other questions to support my hypothesis of food poisoning being the most likely cause of the absences: When were the restaurants inspections conducted? If the inspections were done recently, then this helps support my hypothesis. If the inspections were conducted weeks prior to the event or after the event, the data provided from them I think would not be useful in supporting my hypothesis. Interviews were provided for some of the students, but I would like to interview as many as possible to ask: What symptoms did each absent student experience? I would want to know when the symptoms began to appear. If they all have similar symptoms and symptoms appeared around similar times, this supports my hypothesis. Did each absent student go out to dinner after the Battle of the Bands? If each student went out to dinner then this supports my hypothesis. Where did each student go to dinner? If the students did go out to dinner and went to a restaurant with health code violations, then this supports my hypothesis. Assuming each student did go to dinner at a restaurant with health code violations, what did each student eat for dinner at the restaurant? If many, or all of the students ate the same thing, then this would help support my hypothesis. ? Is the following statement a suitable hypothesis: â€Å"The Brentwood Indians basketball team lost the state championship because there is bad stuff in the stars happening with Mars in Aquarius†? Explain why or why not. I don’t believe this statement to be a suitable hypothesis. Astrology to me is more of a personal belief rather than scientific fact. Sure, there are coincidences that happen. Mars in Aquarius could mean disaster! But to base a basketball team’s performance on where the stars and planets are aligned is preposterous. There is no scientific data to back up this hypothesis; therefore it is not a suitable.

The Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation

The Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation The Vroom Expectancy Theory is â€Å"based on the premise that telt needs cause human behavior† and that motivation strength depends on an Individual's degree of desire to perform a behavior (Certo ; certo, 2008). As an Individual recognizes a need, they will more than likely employ an action to satisfy that need. The motivational strength will also fluctuate correspondingly with their desire. If the desire Increases, so will the motivation.The opposite Is true as well. In equation form, motivation strength equals the perceived result value of performing behavior multiplied by the perceived robability that the result will actually materialize (Certo ; Certo, 2008). For example, consider anovice stockbroker in training who was has been given a one-month probationary period to earn a position and make $500 commission from any successful trades. Assuming they really want the Job. the motivation strength. r desire would be calculated as th eir perception of the value of that position with the bonus in relation to their perception of the probability that they can successfully trade during the trial. As the stockbroker's perceived value of the two rewards and erceived probability that they would be able to achieve increases, their motivation strength to obtain those rewards will also increase. To put it briefly, the key to the Vroom expectancy Expectancy tTheory is whether the individual perceives a positive relationship between ettort, performance, and reward.The advantages and Ilmltatlons of the vroom Expectancy Theory can be expressed as follows (Expectancy Theory of Motivation): Advantages of the Expectancy Theory It Is based on self-interest individuals who want to achieve maximum satisfaction and who want to minimize dissatisfaction. ? This theory stresses upon the expectations and perception; what Is real and actual Is Immaterial. It emphasizes on rewards or pay-offs. It focuses on psychological extravagance wher e final objective of Individual is to attain maximum pleasure and least pain.Limitations of the Expectancy Theory The expectancy theory seems to be idealistic because quite a few individuals perceive high degree correlation between performance and rewards. The application of this theory is limited. as reward is not directly correlated with performance In many organizations. It is related to other parameters also such as osition, effort, responsibility, education, etc. lnA Question of Motivationcase study, the Vroom Expectancy Theory relates to both workers.The theory suggests that individuals can be motivated if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts, performance, and rewards (Expectancy Theory of Motivation). In the case of Alex, he is not motivated at all to perform his duties assigned by Dan due to the lack ot rewards received tor his efforts. He sarcastically stated,†l don't even care anymore. what's the point? If I stock more apples, or somethin g meaningless like that, hat does It get me-another sucker that says ‘good Job? HIS performance and efforts does not have a positive Impact on the correlation to his rewards, which decreases his motivation strength. Stephanie on the other hand has a different relationship with her boss Jonathon and appears very motivated by the reward he will offer for Stephanie illustrated her enthusiasm by saying â€Å"lif I sell the oil Jonathon said that he'll give me a $75 bonus,. Sso I'm definitely going to give it a shot. † Her motivation strength is determined by her perception of the $75 bonus and probability that she can sell the oil to receive that reward.As her perceived value of the $75 reward and perceived probability that she can successfully sell the oil increases, her motivation strength to sell 10 bottles of truffle oil next week also increases. In both situations, the Vroom Expectancy Theory illustrates how it â€Å"is all about the attractiveness or appeal of the po tential reward to the individual†(Expectancy Theory of Motivation). Antoine, I think this is a great paper, however, the first two pages you are giving us a lot of information on what Vroom Theory is and not a lot of how it relates to the case study†¦ again, it is a great paper though :

Personal Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Personal Reflection - Coursework Example Scholars argue that personal reflection for health professionals is very essential. Studies show that, personal reflection improves performance in health professionals. But the begging question would be; what is personal reflection? Personal reflection in common terms refer a situation where one reflects on what happened during a past experience and what their role was I the experience.This includes your behavior and thinking, and related emotions. Personal reflection will make a health profession have a better judgment of similar situations in future. Proponents of reflective thinking argue that if it used comprehensively and honestly, I will yield better performance for the health professionals. Reflective practice in the health profession requires you to stand back, to consciously analyse your decision making processes, drawing on theory and applying it again in practice’. (CSP, Information paper, 2005). Schon, (2009) looks at reflective practice as a way in which an individual develops a repertoire of knowledge and ability, which can be drawn upon in future situations. Reflective practice can be summarized in a cycle of six major stages; descriptive stage, Feelings stage, Evaluation stage, analysis stage, conclusion stage, and finally the action plan stage (Gibbs, 1988). These numerous stages go on the mind of health professional during a personal reflection moment. Health Professionals reflect both in the moment (reflection-in action) and after the event (reflection-on-action) (Schon, 1983). Both types of reflection inform what the health professional does in any particular situation, and also in situations that are similar in their future practice. Reflective practice among health professionals is gaining ground. It facilitates growth and development in career of a health professional. It also has a great effect on the success outcomes of health practice by a health professional. In recent studies, reflective practice is slowly being

History final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History final - Essay Example The political culture of the United States is set on the stage of the ideals that have been mentioned above and the features of American politics include a scrappy and uneven system of governance with significant emphasis on the rights of each individual. American Civil War: The Reformation From the time of American Civil War, the country has reformed itself to a great extent although it has moved away from its roots or the way in which the philosophers have tried to describe the society of each state. While considering the history of the world, it can be clearly established that America has emerged as a super power to the rest of the world. The ideals of liberty, equality and power has been reshaped or molded to offer more to the people of this country or suffice their needs. Therefore, the country that went into a Civil War from the year 1861 has undergone massive changes whether it is related to the general public and their views about the politics and governance or the center of power. The global market that has become one with the smaller countries has a similar effect in the American society as well. Broadly speaking, the principles of liberty have changed in different contexts for a society that thrives on conflict and consensus. However, these ideals or principles have consistently remained as the base of the society and a majority of debates surround the fact whether these ideals have materialized or benefited the society and not whether they are in place. In short, the force is on the achievements rather than the indifferences as far as the ideals maxims of liberty, equality and power is concerned. Liberty If a discussion is to be held on the ideal of liberty, the definition and interpretation of this word must be taken into account. Thus, the Americans define this term as their first step of becoming and living in an independent society or their freedom to do anything although it is necessary to reflect this ideal within the purview of law. As a matt er of fact, the Civil War has genuinely reconstructed the society and it has become liberal to the Afro-Asian people particularly in the modern society. As far as the Constitution of the United States is concerned, it defines the structure of the governance and power; at the same time, the Bill of Rights guarantees the liberty and freedom of the people residing in this country. When it comes to economic liberty, the Americans are opinionated towards a non-interfering government in this respect. The concept of laissez-faire capitalism that existed in the United States throughout a major portion of the nineteenth century that resulted in an economic system in which the government had no role to play changed later although the people of the country believe that the intervention of the government should not extend beyond a certain limit. Equality With Equality, the definition of the word is quite complicated as to its literal meaning. In fact, inequality exists in every society as each individual is different than the other and the American society is no exception in this manner. The Americans of African origin are poorer than those with fair skin. Additionally, inequality also depends on people belonging to different backgrounds and their means of living. However, the political equality tends to emphasize on the fact there would not exist any kind of inequality between people belonging to different race, which is popularly identified as racial discrimination and that every citizen would be

Recycled Toothbrushes Make Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Recycled Toothbrushes Make Sense - Essay Example Secondly, some people usually do not prefer to use toothbrushes made out of recycled stuff, perhaps because of the reasons of hygiene and the sense of aversion associated with toothbrushes made out of recycled plastic. Recycline could enhance the conversion rate to its toothbrushes by telling its customers that they are made of food grade recycled plastic originating from the yogurt packaging of a credible food company like Stonyfield Farm. Besides Stonyfield is an already established brand. Recycline’s association with it will definitely add to its brand value. 2. Hudson is already procuring the raw material from Stonyfield Farm. It could place the advertisements at the stores selling Stonyfield products with catchy slogans like â€Å"Waste nothing, go green, and let your yogurt container be your toothbrush.† If Stonyfield Farm allows Hudson to do so, he could easily convert a big segment of Stonyfield’s customers to its products, without making significant investments. Stonyfield Farm also stands to gain from this move, as it will strengthen its green credentials. Perhaps Stonyfield may agree to share the advertising costs or carry the Recycline logo on its product packaging. In the current times, a new lifestyle has emerged that aims at responsible consumption. Recycline can associate with and participate in the activities of organizations and institutions that work on environmental protection and enjoy a good following and brand awareness. By associating with such organizations, Hudson can aim to convert a good chunk of their followers to its products. Besides, being perceived as associated with green organizations will provide Hudson with ample free publicity and bolster the public perception of its products. 3. Recycling is not merely about using recycled raw materials to cut costs, but an emerging way of life. This

Laws Regarding Freedom of Expression Research Paper

Laws Regarding Freedom of Expression - Research Paper Example   It is evidently clear from the discussion that the international law provides a three-part test that is useful in assessing limits on freedom of expression. On various occasions, the international courts responsible for overseeing international human right treaties have elaborated the three-part test through judgments. In addition, national courts have also been useful in elaborating the exact meaning of the test for limitation of freedom  of expression. The right to freedom of expression is assured in exact terms by the article 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, and the article 19 (2) of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The three regional human rights treaties; the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the European Convention on Human rights give an assurance for freedom of expression on Articles 13, 9, and 10 respectively. There is no doubt that the right to freedom of expression is of great importance. During the first session of the United Nations General Assembly, it was made clear that the freedom of information is an essential human right. In addition, t was made clear that the right forms the basis of all the other rights. Laws regarding freedom of expression Regional court, national courts, and other related organizations across the world have reaffirmed that indeed the freedom of information is the foundation of all other rights. The Inter-American court of human rights has pointed out that freedom of expression forms the foundation for the existence of a democratic society. The other reaffirmation is from the European Court human rights, which points out that the freedom of expression forms an essential foundation for democratic societies. It further goes on to state that the right is among the basic conditions that are necessary for its development and that of human beings. The African Commission on Human and peoples’ rights points out that Ar ticle 9 is an indication that freedom of expression remains a basic human right. It further adds that the right is essential for personal development, individual political consciousness, and engaging in the performance of public affairs in the home country. One notable fact is that freedom of expression is not complete, and there are limitations to it provided by every system of law. The Article 19(3) of the ICCPR stipulates that limitations to the right to freedom of expression should be on grounds of respect of the rights or status of others. The other provision is on the grounds of protecting the national security, maintaining public order or protecting public health. International assurances on the right to freedom of expression have several essential features. To begin with, opinions are completely protected by Article 19(1) of the ICCPR. This implies that it is allowed to think evil, but giving expressions on evil thoughts warrants a sanction. The right to freedom of expressio n is for everyone. Therefore, it must be protected without any discrimination on the basis of gender, race, religion, color, language, political or factors that may lead to discrimination. The right also applies to ideas and information of any kind so long as the ideas or information may be communicated. The right also takes into consideration factually incorrect statements and opinions that seem to lack merit or offensive statements.

Covenants of God with His Children. Pentateuch discussion Research Paper

Covenants of God with His Children. Pentateuch discussion - Research Paper Example Throughout the Old Testament are historical covenants which advance and refine the Covenants of Redemption and Grace. In another perspective of Covenant Theology, the Covenant of Redemption is without evidence, the Covenant of Grace is implicit as the main covenant, and the historical covenants reflect different administrations of the Covenant of Grace. A third perspective of Covenant Theology is that, since the Bible does not specifically refer to any covenants of redemption, works or grace, it is more scripturally accurate to see all covenants as historical, and to see god’s plan of redemption/grace as an overarching purpose, but not specifically as covenants. This paper will discuss these major areas, as well as the historical covenants, as they are found throughout the sections of the Old Testament (Pentateuch, Historical Books, Poetical Books, and Prophesy), shaping Christian understanding and appreciation of the fulfillment of God’s purpose through Old Testament t imes, transitioning our understanding readiness, and application of covenant truths in the New Testament. A covenant is a promise, a contract of protocol, which outlines specific expectations and outcomes of keeping and breaking the expectations, binding on all parties and descendents. In the case of God’s covenants with people, God dictates the terms. The Covenant of Works was established with Adam and Eve, in Eden. God’s instruction was explicit. Adam was told to name the animals and to be a steward over God’s creation. God commanded them to be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth. They were invited to partake of the abundance of paradise, but were forbidden to eat of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. The latter stipulation had a consequence of death, for violation of terms. Freewill obedience demonstrates faith. In exchange for abiding by this covenant, God gave them eternal life in a perfect paradise, control over plants and animals in the garden, protection, and God’s own companionship and love. This covenant was binding on Adam and Eve and all descendants, even to us. When Eve was persuaded by Satan to eat forbidden fruit, and Adam also accepted from Eve, because of Satan’s false rationalization about God’s motivation and agenda, sinful choice separated them from God and paradise, but also separated us from God and paradise. The consequence of death and suffering that became theirs also became ours. There are two kinds of covenants which God makes with man: conditional and unconditional (Warren, 2000). Conditional covenants are where God says what he will provide â€Å"if† people will do what he instructs them to do, and to not do what he instructs them to not do. The Covenant of Works is a conditional covenant (Warren, 2000). The Covenant of Grace, however, was an unconditional covenant (Warren, 2000). There was no â€Å"if† clause. God made a gift, no strings attached. His gift was to send his son, Jesus, to be born without sin (as the child of God), to live a life without sin, and to die as a sacrifice for all the sin ever committed and all the sin ever to be committed by everyone everywhere. This was nothing we could earn, because we had already failed that test, through Adam and Eve, already shown that we would use our free choice in a wrong way. The consequence of death was part of the contract. Only Jesus could pay it, and he willingly did so, and God willingly sent Him. The Covenant of Redemption is the everlasting agreement, within the Godhead, before history began, for Jesus, the Son, to be born as a man, to live a life of obedience to the law and to God, and die a sacrificial death to atone for human sin. This agreement was powered by the Holy Spirit. This can be seen as a covenantal arrangement

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 57

Art - Essay Example The dark paintings illustrates the dark moments that were being experienced at that time. The artist tried to bring out the real situation in his society. The picture shows the status quo of the time in Honduras . This was the period that the massacre happened and so the artist has tried to depict the real situation of how the leader was comfortably sited while the nation was at war. The picture captures the hearty vitality that the painting shows. Via strong and concrete auditory and visual images and through the strong measured rhythm, it reveals that situation was worse and yet leaders were not in control of it. th picture is ironical to the real situation as the leader was supposed to to be at ease at such an alarming war situation. The picture can be described mage that focuses on a painting of warfare where a community or village participates in an aggressive manner. . The picture utilizes onomatopoeia to try and make the painting appear real. It can be deduced that the annoying sounds in the paintings can be used to help describe the violent aspect of the situation as further as endorsed by the colors. The picture was intended to show critical moments and records of events and details of the history people’s life during that time. It intends to shade more light on the painting by showing that people preserve their hope and depict determination to persevere hard conditions. That is the message that is contained in this painting as presented by the painter. Through the work, it is easy to learn and understand more about war life of that period and the people who inhabited it.. The painter had in his mind a moral slant in that lust, anger and gluttony are vividly seen in the painting. More so, the picture reveals the painters intention of bringing out the message that despite having leaders, the situation was wanting. This picture cannot understand support its themes without referring to the art work because the theme

Gender Roles Set in Stone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Roles Set in Stone - Essay Example They glorified their nudities not only as a mode of stratification but also as a type of life. Woman of Willendorf is a perfect representation of a woman in the early societies. Just as with any other sculpture at the time, the woman is nude. In her nudity, her fertility features are conspicuous. Such features as her large breasts, developed hips and a large pelvic girdle are visible. Such features portray the vital role the women played in the society. Women embodied reproduction in the society. Her fertility features show this thereby presenting her as an established woman of the time. The sculptor emphasized her fertility and child bearing features owing to the childbearing role that women played. A perfect woman was fertile thus had children. Additionally, the sculpture lacks a definite face. The wears a unique headgear hat covers both her head and parts of her face thus concealing her face. Other primary feature of the sculpture was its lack of legs. The statue does not stand on its own. The lack of legs coupled with the concealed face is two primary features included in the sculpture deliberately in an attempt to portray gender roles. Women relied on their husbands and the rest of the society by extrapolation. As such, they relied on their male counterparts who provided and protected the families. The concealed face has a spiritual connotation. Women in the prehistoric society upheld stringent religious values, which they believed, played significant roles in enhancing their fertility and childbearing role. Additionally, concealing the face of the woman shows the society’s interest in her face among other externalities (Adovasio, Jake and Olga 112). Statue of a kouros on the other hand presents the position and roles of the youth in the society. The youthful nude male stands majestically in perfect symmetry. This portrays the features of the youth in the prehistoric society as captured by

Geography in the middle east Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Geography in the middle east - Essay Example upport that Christian Zionists and Jews received from such powers as the United States shows the general aim of their empowerment and motivation towards the liberation. The United States, for example, recognized rights of Soviet Jews to their traditional beliefs and elevated Zionists and Jews to political posts (Class Notes, n.d., Slide 97). Statements that key leaders made, in relation to the events also identifies the need for liberation as reason for the unity and violence as the approach to the liberty. While Soviet restrained Jews movements, Sharansky acknowledged that the Jews Movement was significant to the fall of the Soviet (Class Notes, Slide 100). The key indicator of the role of violence in the liberation is the role of the United States in empowering Al Qaeda for violent attacks on the Soviet and Brzezinski and Clinton admits to America’s role in creation of Al Qaeda (Class Notes, Slide 98, 99). Shultz, however, established the plight of the Soviet Jews to America ’s government to facilitate the nation’s influence on the fight (Class Notes, Slide

Serving Justice in the Case of Billy Budd Essay Example for Free

Serving Justice in the Case of Billy Budd Essay From the case of Billy Budd, one must ponder about several important questions in regards to the power of the law and the extent to which it should be recognized. â€Å"Although Billy Budd killed Claggart unintentionally, he was aware that striking a superior officer was a serious offense, however, Claggart had provoked him by accusing him of organizing a mutiny† (Hunte). Thus, Billy Budd is described as the following, â€Å"His simple nature remained unsophisticated by those moral obliquities which are not in every case incompatible with that manufacturable thing known as respectability† (Melville). Perhaps Melville is emphasizing the point that Billy is some sort of special moral being, completely incapable of conceiving evil and bearing malice. Perchance, the case of Billy Budd should not be manipulated to fit the law; rather the law should be made to fit the case. In society, laws are made to serve justice and to protect individuals. Each case has unique circumstances and no one case is the same. Therefore, in order for justice to be served, the laws should be interpreted differently in each case. Captain Vere has illustrated his realization that this case has special circumstances, stating that â€Å"This case is an exceptional one† (Melville). Everyone on the Bellipotent knows Billy for his kindness; Billy even has attempted to befriend Claggart. By sentencing Billy to death, the Drumhead Court would eliminate a kind-spirited and hard-working man from the ship. Billy’s good heart and benevolent nature show that he is not likely to kill another man in the future, and killing him wont protect any individuals. Since a law is made for serving justice and protecting people, and sentencing Billy to death does neither. Furthermore, there are many things that make this case unique, and that need to be taken into consideration when devising Billy’s punishment. When considering this case, one must recognize that Billy Budd is crippled. It is true that he is not noticeably mentally or physically handicapped, but he does have a disability. In a situation where any other person would be able to speak up for himself, Billy was unable to. He has a condition that prevents him from verbalizing his thoughts when he feels very strongly about a certain topic or situation, which causes him to stutter. When Claggart accused Billy of conspiring with his fellow sailors, Billy could not verbally defend himself. As a result, he defended himself in the only way that he could, by striking Claggart across the head, causing his death. Because of his inability to protect his honor with words, Billys use of physical force was somewhat justified. Because every case is unique, and laws are made to properly serve justice leaving those responsible with clear consciences, they should not be made so strict that they do not allow for manipulation and mitigation depending on the situation at hand. Billy Budd’s case is unique for many reasons, including his own disability, and Billy’s lack of malicious intent. Through the eyes of an individual, Bill Budd can perhaps be viewed as innocent. Can one not support Bills actions of self defense? In order for justice be made, the case should shape the law and not the law mold the case as it happened in Billy Budd. Works Cited Billy Budd Morality and Ethics Quotes Page 1. shmoop. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.shmoop.com/billy-budd/morality-ethics-quotes.html. Erudite , Mann. Literature Criticism.Literary Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.mannmuseum.com/essay-serving-justice-in-the-case-of-billy-budd/ Hunte, Richard. West Port Wolf Pack .World Literature. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. www.marion.k12.fl.us/schools/wph/teacher Melville, Herman. Billy Budd. Raleigh, N.C.: Alex Catalogue, 199. Print.

G-protein Cycle and its Regulation by RGS Proteins

G-protein Cycle and its Regulation by RGS Proteins Julia Weigandt G Proteins, also known asguanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of membrane resident â€Å"go-between† proteins that are important molecular switches in the mediation of GPCR signalling1. In their inactive state, G-proteins exist as heterotrimeric complexes composed of ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ³-subunits. Upon its stimulation, a GPCR will catalyse the GDPà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  GTP exchange at GÃŽ ± leading to the dissociation of the trimer complex as a GÃŽ ±-subunit and the GÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³-dimer, both able to interact with a number of effector systems responsible for cellular responses. Upon hydrolysis of GTP to GDP+P by GÃŽ ±, the G-protein mediated signalling is terminated, whereby a group of proteins, the regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) appear to play substantial role1,2. Every organ system utilises G-protein mediated signal transduction evoking such diverse outcomes as neurotransmission, immunity, cardiovascular function and hormone secretion3. Consequently, GPCRs present a variety of opportunities as therapeutic targets for treating cancer, cardiac dysfunction, central nervous system disorders and pain. In fact, drugs targeting members of this protein superfamily account for 40% of all prescription pharmaceuticals on the market2. GPCRs constitute the largest and most diversefamily of heptahelical transmembrane receptors  that receive a signal (e.g. small peptides, lipid analogues, amino-acid derivatives, and sensory stimuli such as light, taste and odour2)from outside thecelland transmit this signal to the cell interior via interactions with G-proteins leading to activation of downstream effector systems4. In mammals 21 GÃŽ ±-subunits, six GÃŽ ²-subunits and twelve GÃŽ ³-subunits have been described5. Depending on their GÃŽ ± similarity, G-proteins are grouped into four main classes: GÃŽ ±s, GÃŽ ±i/o, GÃŽ ±q/11 and GÃŽ ±12/13 which show selectivity with respect to both, receptors and effectors due to the presence of recognition domains complementary to G-protein binding domains in receptors/effectors6. The main targets for G-proteins include adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase isoforms, Rho A/Rho kinases (a system that controls mainly signalling pathways involved in cell growth/proliferation), and the mitogen a ctivated protein kinase (involved in the control of many cell functions such as cell division), and ion channels7,8. In its inactivated state the complex is freely diffusible in the plane of the cell membrane due to fatty acid chain anchors on each subunit7. Stimulation of GPCRs by agonists leads to conformational changes in the receptor resulting in the acquirement of high affinity to the G(ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³) complex. Due to their subsequent association, a GDP->GTP exchange in the ÃŽ ±-subunit will occur leading to dissociation of the G-protein complex from the receptor in form of a GÃŽ ±(GTP)-subunit and a GÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³-dimer. Prior the activation of the G-protein the GÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³-dimer is bound to a hydrophobic pocket present in GÃŽ ±-GDP. GTP binding to GÃŽ ± removes the hydrophobic pocket and reduces the affinity of GÃŽ ± for GÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³9. Both have a signalling function and can interact with various downstream effector systems 7,9. The duration of G protein-mediated effector activation is dependent on the intrinsic GTPase activity of the GÃŽ ±-subunit. GTP-hydrolysis results in dissociation of GÃŽ ±(GDP) f rom the effector to reunite with GÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³ completing the cycle7. Several studies have shown that the kinetics of G-protein signalling are regulated by RGS proteins that can not only act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) on GÃŽ ±-subunits hereby accelerating GTP-hydrolysis, but also as scaffolds to help assemble signalling complexes and providing a critical mechanism of regulation of cellular responses10. Over 30 RGS/RGS-like domain containing proteins have been described and classified into nine distinct subfamilies based on primary sequence homology and presence of additional domains, including the A/RZ (prototype RGSZ), the B/R4 (prototype RGS4), the C/R7 (prototype RGS7), the D/R12 (prototype RGS12), the E/RA (prototype Axin), the F/GEF, G/GRK, H/SNX and I/D-AKAP2 subfamilies3,10,11. They differ widely in their overall size and amino acid identity, and many family members possess a remarkable variety of structural domains and motifs that regulate their actions and/or enable them to interact with other binging partners with diverse cellular roles. RGS proteins have a highly conserved RGS domain of 120 amino acids3,11 which allows for selective binding to the transition state of GÃŽ ±(GTP->GDP+P)8 , accelerating the GTP-hydrolysis up to a 1000-fold5,10 by stabilising this transition. Some studies have shown that RGS proteins can also act as effector antagonists by binding tightly to GÃŽ ±(GTP), hereby blocking effector activation5,11. It has been suggested that simple RGS proteins (those of A/RZ and B/R4) have an almost exclusively negative regulatory function acting as modulators of G-protein signalling as for instance shown by the function of RGS4, an effective GAP protein for GÃŽ ±q family members. In mammalian cells RGS4 doesn’t block the receptor and GÃŽ ±q/11-directed inositol lipid/Ca2+ signalling completely but elicit rhythmic Ca2+ oscillations in mammalian cells10, 11. On the contrary, the larger RGS proteins can link active GÃŽ ±s to other signalling pathways and therefore serve as multifunctional integrators. Integration can occur via activation of kinases, recruitment of cellular scaffolds/associated proteins or by direct receptor interactions11. Two of the R12 family members (RGS12 and RGS14) were shown to coordinate components of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway8,10. RGS proteins display specificity and selectivity in their interactions not only with G-proteins, but also GCPRs, ion channels and other signalling events3,5 which may be accomplished by firstly, differences in GAP activity towards different types of GÃŽ ±-subunits (e.g. RGS19 was shown to interact strongly with GÃŽ ±i1, GÃŽ ±i3 and GÃŽ ±o, weakly GÃŽ ±i2 but not with GÃŽ ±s and GÃŽ ±q5; secondly, the ability to interact with specific GPCRs or with effectors within the GPCR signalling axis directly, due to presence of characteristic structural domains and motifs (e.g. RGS2 and RGS4 bind selectively the 3rd intracellular loop of M2 and M5 muscarinic receptors5); thirdly, by formation of an RGS/G-protein complex that prevents the G-protein from binding its receptor or the downstream effectors; and lastly, by co-expression of the RGS-proteins with its target protein(s) in order for selective interactions to take place. An example is illustrated by the expression of the alternative splice d RGS9-1 and RGS9-2 in entirely different tissues, thus having different functions and selectivity for different targets. While RGS9-1 is expressed in the photoreceptor cell layers of the retina and is involved in the phototransduction pathway by regulation of photoreceptors, RGS9-2 is predominantly found in the brain and shows selectivity for the regulation of dopamine D2 and opioid  µ receptor signalling pathways5. RGS proteins play and essential regulatory role in G-protein mediated signal transduction, being able to regulate a great number of GCPR signalling events with great specificity and accuracy. By fully understanding the mechanisms and the significance of their expression, role and targets it can lead science to advances in the development of novel therapeutic drugs against disorders involving G-protein mediated signalling. References Baltoumas, F. A., Theodoropoulou, M. C., Hamodrakas, S.J.; Interactions of the a-subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins with GPCRs, effectors and RGS proteins: A critical review and analysis of interacting surfaces, conformational shifts, structural diversity and electrostatic potentials. Journal of Structural Biology.2013;(182):209-218 Filmore, D.; Its a GPCR world. Modern Drug Discovery  (American Chemical Society).2004; (November): 24–28 Bansal, G., Druey, K.M., Xie, Z.; R4 RGS proteins: regulation of G-protein signaling and beyond. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007;116(3):473-495 Joost, P., Methner, A.; Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human G-protein-coupled receptors as a tool for the prediction of orphan receptor ligands.Genome Biology. 2002;3(11): research0063.1–0063.16 Xie, G.X., Palmer, P.P.; How regulators of G protein signaling achieve selective regulation. Journal of molecular biology. 2007;366(2):349-365 CABRERA-VERA, T.M., VANHAUWE, J., THOMAS, T.O., MEDKOVA, M., PREININGER, A., MAZZONI, M.R., HAMM, H.; Insights into G Protein Structure, Function, and Regulation.  Endocrine Reviews. 2003;24(6):765-781 Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., Henderson, G.; Rang and Dales Pharmacology. 7th ed. UK. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone ; 2012; 3(32-33) Kimple, A.J., Bosch, D.E., Giguà ¨re, P.M., Siderovski, D.P.; Regulators of G-protein signaling and their GÃŽ ± substrates: promises and challenges in their use as drug discovery targets. Pharmacological Reviews. 2011;63(3):728-749 Oldham, W.M., Hamm, H.; Heterotrimeric G protein activation by G-protein-coupled receptors.NATURE REVIEWS | molecular cell biology. 2008;9:60-71 Keinan, D., Yang, S., Cohen, R.E., Yuan, X., Liu, T., Li, Y.P.; Role of regulator of G protein signaling proteins in bone.Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2014;1(19):634-648 Hollinger, S., Hepler, J.R.;. Cellular regulation of RGS proteins: modulators and integrators of G protein signaling.Pharmacological Reviews. 2002;54(3):527-559

Eisenhowers New Look Defence Policy Analysis

Eisenhowers New Look Defence Policy Analysis Dwight D. Eisenhower could be arguably of the most influential presidents in United States of Americas History. Elected as the 34th president of the United States, he was previously a General in the American army with a rank of five stars and he was a Supreme Commander during World War II and oversaw key battles such as the Normandy Landings. This general, after the United States, victory would go on to win a bid to become President of the United States. One of the most important areas in which his leadership would be most notable is his New Look policy to deal with rising tensions with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This essay will scrutinize the goals and achievements of Eisenhowers New Look policy and how efficacious it was in design, intent and execution. In order to grasp the motivations, timings and reasons behind Eisenhowers New Look defence policy -which had a focus on upholding U.S military commitments at lesser costs -one must realize that after the successful utilization of nuclear weapons in the World War II in Hiroshima, Japan on the 6th of August, 1945, and the subsequent atomic bomb in Nagasaki on the 9th of August, 1945, traditional forms of battle -which involved a heavy and almost singular reliance on troops on the ground -was made obsolete (Barlow, 1972:2). Furthermore, by the time Eisenhower began his first term as President in 1953, Soviet Union and The United Kingdom had already been exploring their nuclear capabilities, however, despite the United Nations call for an abolition of atomic weapons in January of 1946, the USSR tested its first atomic bomb on the 29th of 1946, while the United Kingdom tested nuclear weapons on the 3rd on October, 1945 (Icanw.org, 2017). This non-compliance by both the United Kingdom -an ally of the U.S -and the Soviet Union, meant that the rising tensions caused USSRs expansionist ambitions, its war with Japan and seizing of southern parts of and the Japaneses Kuril and Sakhalin islands in 1945, its Berlin Blockade, it alliance treaty with communist China for three decades (1950) and the Korean War (1950 1953) -which heavily weakened its relationship with the West -meant that the USSR, when combined with its nuclear capabilities, could not be ignored by the West or the U.S, and proved to be an antagonism to its virtues of liberty (BBC, 2013). Another reason as to why tensions with the USSR and communist China was an issue of much unease was communism. The rising tides of communism where particularly of interest to the US because had begun to witness a slackening of solidarity and hesitancy with its allies when it came to supporting solid action against communist aggrandizement (Cooling and Watson, 1989). In the face of the aforementioned actions by the USSR, the relationship with a post-war Eisenhowers U.S was, to say the least, strained. Eisenhowers campaign for president included his ideas that would later become known as his New Look Policy. In his campaign, he was sure to stress that after the costs attributed to World War II, the Soviet threat to the U.S would negatively affect the U.S. in two major ways: economically and militarily (Barlow, 1972:11). After hearing the recommendations of the out-going Truman Administration, which supported the USSRs opponents in Europe, Eisenhower favoured Trumans Containment policies which, according to Barlow (1972:10), placed and emphasis on enlarging the numbers of the armed forces, putting more effort into conventional forces located in Europe, launching a Far Eastern Defensive Perimeter and security system, increasing assistance to Formosas Chinese nationalists and French forces in Indochina and extending more aid to countries surrounding the USSR and CPR. This stance by the Truman administration was prudent, but it would soon become insufficient. This insufficiency would become apparent not only because of the Soviets nuclear test in August on 1953 -which was seven months into Eisenhowers presidency -but because of the economic stability Eisenhower longed for and campaigned for, was now threatened by the USSR. Due to this ostensible gridlock, Eisenhower suffered from much indecision because he knew that another war could impart irreparable damage to the U.S. economy, nut he also wished to somehow mitigate or contain the growing threat that he USSR and its allies had become. Moreover, the first crucial modification in the U.S. nuclear strategy under Eisenhower took place on the 12th of January of 1954 (Njolstad, 1994:16). This shift -which would later become known as massive retaliation -was announced by Eisenhowers Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, and stated that if the any future mà ªlà ©es with communist countries should occur, the U.S. would decide to depend primarily upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of our own choosing (Njolstad, 1994:16). This stance, which is decisive and steadfast stance in terms of foreign policy, could be argued to be decisive, but harboured a spirit of offensiveness that Eisenhowers predecessors (Truman and Roosevelt) were reluctant to take. In fairness to Eisenhower and his Secretary of State, Barlow (1972:1) clarifies that the words massive retaliation were not used in a context that involved the U.S.s response to a foreign conflict, but concerned only local defences. In contrast , Njolstad (1994:16-17) argues that even if the words massive retaliation were not uttered by Dulles, the message within Dulles speech on the 12th of January, 1954, the speech was unambiguous; the United States, it seemed, would respond to any future aggression or attacks it overseas bases, itself or its allies within the Cold War with a swift nuclear attack on Chinese and Soviet cities, military installation/bases and industrial plants. The differences, based on the massive retaliation were most notable because they signalled the United States viewed nuclear weapons a device one only uses when all other strategies have been exhausted, but it suggested the United States had now adopted a nuclear-first response to attack or aggression from the Soviet Union or Chinese (Njolstad:1994:17). Furthermore, Eisenhower utilized press conferences at the time to stress the fact that unlike Truman, he would utilize nuclear weapons against attacks or conflicts that strategic targets that were imperative to the U.S. and its allies (Njolstad:1994:17). Another key tenet of massive retaliation was the imprecise timing and location of US nuclear ambitions; this was deliberate on the part of Eisenhower because one of the major objectives of massive retaliation was to undermine whatever assumptions the Soviet leaders might have had about symmetry between their own aggressive acts and the subsequent American responses (Njolstad: 1994:18). In order to properly gauge the successes and failures of the New Look defence policy, the effectiveness and the environment which prompted its implementation must be discussed. During Eisenhowers early rule as President, the U.S had an evident and tactical superiority because of its vast stores of atomic weapons (hydrogen bombs), while the Soviet Union was significantly inferior because of the grave immaturity of its nuclear capabilities (Slanchev, 2014). This reliance on atomic weapons to help contain Soviet ambitions and communism, according to Barlow (1972:31), had more discernible influence -due to the fear of what happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki -during Roosevelts and Trumans presidencies, but also held significant weight during Eisenhowers presidency. Despite the somewhat staunch reliance Eisenhower could be as having when it came to his Massive Retaliations dependence on nuclear weapons, Eisenhower was actually disinclined to a nuclear confrontation. According to Soapes (1980:58), Eisenhower not only had an interest in curtailing the nuclear arms race that had begun well before Nagasaki and Hiroshima, but he was also wary and fearful of a nuclear holocaust as it seemed this was the directions that the world was heading towards. This addition inputs a different dimension into the mind of Eisenhower because it replaces the image of Eisenhower being a general with and an enthusiasm for war, with one of a cautious leader that prioritized peace. During this time in history, it was no secret that America had, not only a stockpile of nuclear weapons, but a growing arsenal. Eisenhower, in response to this arsenal, stated that, security through arms is only a meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to an end. Peace, in a very real sense is an end in itself ( Soapes, 1980:58). In contrast to the aforementioned hesitation put forward Soapes (1980), Rubinson (2011:295) states that in all of Eisenhowers terms in office, a pronuclear inclination has always been present in his New Look policy, Massive Retaliation and brinkmanship policies (brinkmanship was a view that essentially threatened war to achieve a goal, but had no intention of following through), furthermore, in towards the end of January 1956, Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, and U.S. UN Representative, Henry Cabot Lodge, associated world peace to U.S. nuclear munitions by saying, The greatest single factor in the world today for peace is our atomic superiority. The effectiveness of Eisenhowers New Look policy is a topic solicits strong opinions from academics. An obvious weakness that one might gather from Eisenhowers administrations heavy reliance on nuclear weapons on the divergence from conventional forces. United States General, Maxwell Taylor, debated even if a conflict should arise, the U.S. would still need conventional forces, and the massive cuts that Eisenhower had subjected the army to -in favour of nuclear weapons -could not mitigate communist aggression in place Korea (Slanchev, 2014:5). Furthermore, General Taylor, in reference to Korean war -in which North Korea (backed by the USSR and China) invaded South Korea (backed by the U.S.) in hopes of unifying the country -stated that nuclear weapons would largely ineffective against a war that was fighting an ideology instead of a visible opponent (Slanchev, 2014:5). This weakness of the Massive Retaliation policy in Eisenhowers New Look policy is immensely striking because it brin gs to the forefront the point that much of the Cold War was a war of ideologies backed by military force. Because both the USSR and the US were polarized as figureheads in the conflict between communist and capitalism, the war in Korea was, in many ways, a proxy war. Secondly, nuclear weapons, if used in the Korean conflict, could geologically devastate the very country they wished to free from the clutches of communism or capitalism, and because both forms of governments needed the land to be viable for agriculture, a nuclear weapon could end up destabilising the countrys land in a way that persisted for many decades. Another weakness of the New Look was its lack of consideration that the USSR, which was severely behind in nuclear technology, would quickly develop its own nuclear capabilities. The USSRs nuclear capabilities were at a point where they could launch their own nuclear weapons in the year of 1957; this not only made the United States Massive Retaliation largely less effective, but it meant that the U.S. could no longer use its nuclear weight to acquire certain assurance from the U.S. (Slanchev, 2014). This outcome by Eisenhowers policies is described by Power (2014:14) a failed psychological threat, and, because this threat was no longer viable, the U.S. now looked weak (in terms of diplomacy) because the all-or-nothing premise which was the foundation of the New Look defence policy had now backfired massively. Furthermore, Massive retaliation received much backlash from Americans: former governor of Illinois and future United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Mr. Adlai Stevenso n II said in criticism of Massive Retaliation, Are we leaving ourselves the grim choice of inaction or a thermonuclear holocaust? Are we indeed inviting Moscow to nibble us to death? (Barlow, 1972:54). This backlash cost the Eisenhowers administration dearly because they had placed their defense and foreign policy on what was essentially a bluff, and now that the U.S. had lost its domination on nuclear weapons, it found itself uniquely vulnerable against a nation it had ostensibly bullied into submission with the threat of a nuclear assault. References Icanw.org, (2017). Nuclear weapons timeline | ICAN. [online] Icanw.org. Available at: http://www.icanw.org/the-facts/the-nuclear-age/ [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. BBC, (2013). Soviet Union timeline BBC News. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17858981 [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. Cooling, B. and Watson, R. (1989). History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Volume 5, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1953-1954. The American Historical Review, 94(1), pp.100-356.

Essay --

Ronald Perkins Julialicia Case 12/8/2013 Troubles of Social Media In today’s society the youth of the world are almost fully dependent on technology and social media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or being aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These social sites are made to keep everyone in the world connected with each other. They were made to make news and the information of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions have been transformed into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are now used as a way to avoid or emphasize the troubles and problems of people’s everyday lives. A way for people to encourage and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on society by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive effects of these social medias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in today’s youth. There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand some of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media can cause disorders like insomnia at a more advanced stage. Think of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. Almost everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we can all agree on hearing or seeing someone make a post and comments well into the night on either Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are some who love their sleep most of today’s youth spend their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connection that the overuse of social media will lead to results in things like leaving comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face verbal and nonverbal connections. People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to offer that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they take something that is wonderful and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. I’m not saying a person shouldn’t use these social media in fear of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To create a stable and balanced portion of time for the virtual world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitement and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http://brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/ Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression Essay -- Ronald Perkins Julialicia Case 12/8/2013 Troubles of Social Media In today’s society the youth of the world are almost fully dependent on technology and social media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or being aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These social sites are made to keep everyone in the world connected with each other. They were made to make news and the information of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions have been transformed into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are now used as a way to avoid or emphasize the troubles and problems of people’s everyday lives. A way for people to encourage and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on society by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive effects of these social medias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in today’s youth. There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand some of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media can cause disorders like insomnia at a more advanced stage. Think of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. Almost everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we can all agree on hearing or seeing someone make a post and comments well into the night on either Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are some who love their sleep most of today’s youth spend their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connection that the overuse of social media will lead to results in things like leaving comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face verbal and nonverbal connections. People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to offer that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they take something that is wonderful and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. I’m not saying a person shouldn’t use these social media in fear of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To create a stable and balanced portion of time for the virtual world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitement and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http://brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/ Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression

hurricanes :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hurricanes are one of the deadliest and most expensive natural disasters around. They are more common in areas of humid yet moist weather so they are very foreign to certain places. But to the places were hurricanes are the norm, the people take them extremely seriously because they kill people and ruin countless amounts of property. Hurricanes can attack and harm people in so many ways they can kill people, leave them homeless, it leaves children orphaned and disable them. On the west coast of the United States and other places hurricanes aren’t taken as seriously as other more common disasters, such as, earthquakes and volcanoes yet the hurricane can be a lot more damaging that both of those. Hurricanes are cyclones that develop over warm oceans and breed winds that blow yup to 74 miles per hour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the hurricane the mixture of the water and winds can be extremely damaging. The winds are extremely dangerous and usually don’t go faster than about 75 miles per hour but have been documented to go as fast as 85 miles per hour. Due to the fact that hurricanes need water to survive they cannot go too far on land, but that does not stop them from causing billions of dollars in damages. Hurricanes are so dangerous that they were listed number 1 on the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Hazard and Disasters list. Picture this, you laying on top of you car as you are being violently slung down your street, which was once dry and calm and is now wet and foreign, at an extremely rapid pace. You can’t find your family and all you can do is hope that they haven’t drowned and are able to stay afloat against the violent waters that are angrily attempting to destroy everything in its path. You look around the weather is gray and it’s raining heavily. It is a struggle to breathe between the rapid rain and the violent waters which are attempting to pull you under, forever. Your house no longer exists it is broken down from the pounding waters and fast winds. That is exactly what it would be like if you were in the midst of a hurricane. After hurricanes are over the confusion is crazy, children who had loving families are now orphaned, people become homeless, and people miss certain joys such as walking due to becoming paralyzed.

peter shaffer :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"During the years of the so-called New Drama in Britain, critics became used, almost to the point of being blasà ©, to dramatists making sensational debuts† (Taylor 313). These dramatists (or playwrights) included John Osborne, Harold Pinter, Arnold Wesker, John Arden, and Peter Shaffer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peter Levin and his twin brother Anthony were born to Jake Reka and Fredman Shaffer in Liverpool, England on May 15, 1926. Anthony is also a playwright, who’s play Sleuth (1970), has had more performances than all of his brother’s plays combined. Nevertheless, Anthony, who has pursued law, advertising, and television, has not yet embraced the stage as his chief vocation (Smith 452).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1936 the Shaffer’s all moved to London. This is where Peter attended St. Paul’s School till he graduated in 1944. From 1944 to 1947, Peter worked in the Chrislet coalmine, having been enlisted as one of the â€Å"Bevin Boys,† essential workers in service to the country, organized by Ernest Bevin, Churchill’s Minister of Labor during the Second World War. Shaffer found coal mining an arduous occupation that he states, gave him a great sympathy for the way many people are forced to spend their lives (www.iub.edu).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaffer then attended Trinity College in Cambridge, where he and Anthony co-edited the student magazine Grantha; he received a B.A. in History in 1950. â€Å"He began writing at Cambridge or shortly after; accounts differ as to whether he was writing and tearing up plays at that point, or writing and tearing up detective novels† (Taylor 313). Under the pseudonym Peter Anthony, Shaffer was able to pen The Woman in the Wardrobe, the first of his three detective novels. He co-authored the second and third – How Doth the Little Crocodile? (1952) and Withered Murder (1955) – with his brother, Anthony (www.iub.edu).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From 1951 to 1954, Shaffer lived in New York and worked a variety of jobs; at Doubleday’s Book Shop, an airline terminal, Grand Central Station, Lord and Taylors department store, and the New York Public Library. Shaffer states for years he labored under the impression that the passion he had developed for the theatre could only be used as a pastime and that his daily profession had to be something â€Å"respectable† (www.iub.edu). He found his job in the New York Public Library adequate but boring, but he continued to resist the urge to devote himself to playwriting until he returned to London. He was Bossey & Hawkes’s Music Publisher of Literary Critic of Truth for two years, and Music Critic of Time and Tide for another two years during the beginning of the 1960’s.

The Future Economy

Imagine yourself living the dream of being an entrepreneur. You are a business man of the 21st century; you have a popular product that many firms want to purchase. You feel financially secure with your future because of the amount of buyers for your product. Then 5 years go bye, and the once abundant number of firms has dwindled down to a couple of major corporations. You try to think to yourself how did this happen? You then realize that all the little companies that fought for your business, and helped you get the highest capital are gone. They were acquired by or merged with larger firms. You know that when this happens the market gets smaller and there are less people to buy your product. With fewer options of companies to sell your product to, comes a smaller amount of profit for you. Two more years go bye and the market gets more concentrated, the remaining giants can now offer you any price they want. If you choose not to accept it, you don†t sell your product. Your dreams of being your own boss and selling a quality product for a fair price are fading away. Some people may think that this story couldn†t happen, but mergers and acquisitions take place everyday in the corporate world. This story that I just told you about is real. Instead of being about business men of the 21st century my article was about the beef cattle farmers of southwestern Wisconsin. The article talks about Virginia-based Smithfield foods, acquired American Foods Group and Packerland Holdings Co. Smithfield is the nation†s largest pork processor; they have a 20% market share. Besides the two recent acquisitions Smithfield also has ownership of Cudahy-based Patrick Cudahy Inc. As a result of this Smithfield will now be the nation†s forth-largest beef processor, with a 9% market share. Smithfield†s merger is part of an overall consolidation among the nation†s larger food processors, which includes the companies of the nation†s beef industry. Wisconsin is known to many people as the dairy state because of our cheese and milk production. While this is true, when the dairy cows get older and there milk production drops they get sold to beef processors. Due to this, Wisconsin†s number of beef cattle has been increasing. Wisconsin had 1.29 million dairy cows as of July 1, according to the Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics Service. The state had 260,000 beef cattle, a 2% increase from July 2000. If I had the other three firms information on the market value they have. I could figure out if the market is highly concentrated or somewhat competitive using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index which you showed us in class. Wisconsin beef producers are definitely concerned about the latest news of Smithfield†s plans involving Packerland and American Foods. Tom Thieding, a spokesman for the Wisconsin Farm Bureau Federation said, â€Å"Any time in a consolidation, you just lose the marketing and price opportunity.† State Agriculture Secretary Jim Harsdorf also expressed his concern about the consolidation saying â€Å"we need to make sure there†s still opportunity and competition out there, or the producers are the ones who are going to see their margins cut.† The nation†s livestock sector is already highly concentrated, a point that is made repeatedly by farm organizations and others. Serious questions have been raised about vertical and horizontal integration and market power that puts small livestock producers at a disadvantage and puts consumers at risk. The farmers know that the Smithfield acquisitions further concentrate U.S. meatpacking and eliminate an important competitor in the purchase of livestock, very likely resulting in lower prices for producers. Smithfield believes that it must consolidate in order to keep up with other companies and to provide for their customers. But to make a profit the beef and pork processors will be under pressure to pay fair prices to farmers. But the farmers have a very important role in this equation, they supply the product. If the farmers don†t have an economic incentive to produce, the processors will not be able to deliver to their customers. Smithfield†s plan to buy American Foods could be reviewed by the U.S. Department of Justice to address the possibility of an antitrust. As we learned in class the antitrust policy tries to promote competition and discourage collusion. But Smithfield believes that American Foods is small enough that the deal won†t need regulatory review. The deal with Packerland foods was reviewed and approved by the federal government. Smithfield believes that they are a growing company; they will not approach the size of industry leaders IBP, ConAgra and Excel. To beef producers the debate is not theoretical. Mike Riechers, a cattle farmer in southwestern Wisconsin said he believes the competition among cattle buyers dropped in 1998 after Packerland took over the operations Murco Foods. With Smithfield buying Packerland and American Foods farmers are concerned that competition could drop even further. In conclusion, consolidation is taking many other forms: â€Å"mergers,† â€Å"partnerships,† â€Å"integration,† and similar terms are being used to describe a variety of business arrangements that result in the same final product: fewer people making decisions in agriculture. In many ways, agriculture is just catching up with the rest of the business world, which has been consolidating at a record pace for the past several years. Meanwhile the farmer will become a grower, providing the labor and often some of the capital, but never owning the product as it moves through the food system and never making the major management decisions. Most consumers already put no thought into the financial cost of growing the hay that fed the cow that ends up on your plate.

A Study Of Electrical Power Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

electric proponent bodys admit a generating schema, a transmission administration and scattering system and tonss. transmission system and scattering system is an of instant connecting nexus amidst the bulk federal agency pay onward forthing Stationss and the burden lopes. The genesis plant livings atomic number 18 usu all(prenominal)y located in topographical foretell where the resources ar acquirable to bring forth motive economically. The saucily-fashioned tendency in former system pattern is to turn up the coevals whole workss off from the to a capital intent popu bran- innovative-fangledd countries. The potential is so transmitted to the burden by transmittance notations and dispersion webs.Transmission is do of a racy up electromotive draw in web, by and large one hundred ten 765 kilovolt Ac. The juicyer the electromotive twitch detail of a transmission system contestation, the trim back is the transmittance exponent loss. How ever, the electromotive force bounds for the transmitting situation electromotive forces atomic number 18 set by insulation and protective devices.The standard transmission line electromotive forces depend upon the nation and they be 765, 550, 500, four hundred, 345, 275, 230, 169, 145, 132, 110, 66, 33 kilovolt. The electromotive forces in the celestial orbit of 345 765 kilovolts ar classified as excess heights electromotive force ( EHV ) . The electromotive forces above 765 kilovolts be considered as extremist spicy electromotive forces ( UHV ) . Presently, the UHV systems, at 1000- , 1500- , 2250- kilovolt electromotive force forms be in enquiry phase. Point to indicate transmitting is, roughly abbreviated back, p elevatered by HVDC. The electromotive force degrees utilize for HVDC creator transmittance be 250 kilovolt, 400 kilovolt, 500 kilovolt and 550 kilovolt. elevated uper regulate of Columbia electromotive forces atomic number 18 macrocosm plann ed. discipline Grid Malaysia is the chief galvanizingity transmittance web associating the electricity coevals, transmitting, distri onlyion and inspiration in Malaysia. It is ope outrankd and owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad ( TNB ) . The infection line electromotive forces for Malaysia argon runing at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV. opposite than grid system, Malaysia everyplacely has a spicy potential drop Direct Current Transmission line where the ccc MW Tai rural area Malaysia HVDC inter machine-accessibleness system consists of Khlong Ngae convertor property on the Thai boundary line and Gurun convertor set on the Malaysia boundary line. Both Stationss atomic number 18 linked by a 300 KV DC oerhead transmitting line of 110 kilometer. EGAT s Khlong Ngae convertor station is situated at Sadao grease in Southern Songkhla state, approximately 24 km.from Thai-Malaysia boundary line. TNB s Gurun convertor station is located in Kedah, approximately 86 kilometers. from M alaysia s northern boundary line. Malaysia leave alone purchase electricity during the twenty-four hours clip for our commercial use which is Malaysia s peak use and Thailand exit purchase during the correcttideing boulder clay tardily dour where their use is at the extremum.History of commitIn the early yearss of commercial rule of electric precedent, transmittance of electric causality at the same electromotive force as use by illuming and mechanical tonss dependent the distance betwixt bring forthing works and consumers. Originally coevals was with direct current, which could non well-to-do be increased in electromotive force for long distance transmission. Different categories of tonss, for illustration, illuming, fixed motors and determine by ( railroad ) systems, required un desire electromotive forces and so employ incompatible generators and circuits.The alleged ecumenical system apply transformers virtually(prenominal) to out-of-pockettte genera tors to advanced-potential transmitting lines, and to link transmittal to topical anaesthetic distri preciselyion circuits. By a suited pick of exoteric-service corporation oftenness, both illuming and motor tonss could be served. Rotary convertors and subsequentlyward mercury-arc valves and former(a) rectifier equipment al unkepted DC burden to be served by local transition where postulate. plane bring forthing Stationss and tonss utilizing different frequences could to a fault be interconnected utilizing rotary convertors. By utilizing vernacular bring forthing workss for every type of burden, of outcome economic systems of graduated table were achieved, sink b rock oil colourers suit capital investing was required, deprave mover on each works was increased leting for loftyer efficiency, leting for a emiter be of susceptibility to the consumer and increased overall usage of electric power.By leting large(p)eminal bring forthing workss to be interconnected over a broad country, electricity work cost was reduced. The most efficient getable workss could be use to provide the vary loads during the twenty-four hours. Reliability was improve and capital investing cost was reduced, since stand-by bring forthing capacity could be sh bed over m whatever more clients and a wider geographic country. Remote and clinical depression-priced beginnings of susceptibility, such(prenominal) as hydroelectric power or mine-mouth coal, could be exploited to take depressed energy intersection cost.The rootage transmittal of three-phase saltation current utilizing high electromotive force took topographic distri onlyor point in 1891 during the international electricity exhi billetion in Frankfurt. A 25 kilovolt transmittal line, close to clxxv kilometers long, connected Lauffen on the Neckar and Frankfurt.Voltages apply for electric power transmittal increased passim the twentieth century. By 1914 55 transmittal systems runing at more than 70,000 V were in service, the highest electromotive force so used was 150,000 Vs. The early three-phase jumping current power transmittal at 110 kilovolts took topographic point in 1912 between Lauchhammer and Riesa, Ger umteen. On April 17, 1929 the starting 220 kilovolt line in Germany was completed, course from Brauweiler estimable Cologne, over Kelsterbach close to Frankfurt, Rheinau near Mannheim, Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck near Austria. The masts of this line were designed for eventual(prenominal) ascent to 380 kilovolt. However the first transmittal at 380 kilovolt in Germany was on October 5, 1957 between the substations in Rommerskirchen and Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck. In 1967 the first extra-high-voltage transmittal at 735 kilovolts took topographic point on a Hydro-Quebec transmittal line. In 1982 the first transmittal at 1200 kilovolt was in the Soviet Union.The rapid industrial enterp place upright in the twentieth century made galvanic transmittal lines and grids a minute portion of the economic sub social harmoniumization in most industrialised states. Interconnection of local coevals workss and little distri hardlyion webs was greatly spurred by the demands of World War I, where big galvanizing generating workss were built by authoritiess to offer power to weaponries mills subsequently these workss were connected to provide civil burden by long-distance transmittal.Small municipal electrical overt-service corporations did non need spaciousy want to cut down the cost of each unit of electricity sold to some extent, specially during the catamenia 1880-1890, electrical branch outing was considered a luxuriousness merchandise and electric power was non substituted for steamer power. Engineers such as Samuel Insull in the united States and Sebastian Z. De Ferranti in the join Kingdom were submissive in get the better ofing proficient, economic, regulative and political troubles in development of long-distance electric power transmittal. By presentation of electric power transmittal webs, in the metropolis of London the cost of a kilowatt hr was reduced to collar in a ten-year period.In 1926 electrical webs in the joined Kingdom began to be interconnected in the National Grid, ab initio runing at 132,000 Vs.Hazard Posed by graduate(prenominal) Voltage military force Lineselectric jeopardiesThe hovering electric and charismatic Fieldss in electro magnetized radiation result bring on an electric current in any symphony film director with which it passes. signifi crumbt radiation put forward bring on current capable of presenting an electric jounce to individuals or remediate beings. It stinker besides overload and destruct electrical equipment.3.1.1 burning at the stake Hazards Working Near Overhead occasion Lines approximately overhead power lines atomic number 18 n ot insulated. fareivities conducted near overhead powerlines such as threading communicating wiring summit antenna masts mounting in trees and onto edifices and utilizing portable metal ladder presents a drop dead perilFire jeopardiesHighly high power electromagnetic radiation can do electric currents strong mess hall to get up flickers when an induced electromotive force exceeds the segmentation electromotive force of the environing medium. These flickers can so uninfected flammable stuffs or gases, perchance pickings to an detonation. This can be a quaint jeopardy in the locality of explosives or pyrotechnics, since an electrical overload capacity light them. This put on the line is normally referred to as RadHaz or HERO ( Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to ordnance store ) .biological jeopardiesThe best on a lower floorstood biological way out of electromagnetic Fieldss is to do insulator warming. For illustration, touching an aerial while a sender is in operation can do terrible Burnss.This warming consequence varies with the frequence of the electromagnetic energy. The eyes be peculiarly vulnerable to RF energy in the microwave scope, and prolonged motion picture to microwaves can take to catar personations. Each frequence in the electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed by populating tissue at a different rate, called the specific soaking up rate or SAR, which has units of Watts per kg ( W/kg ) . The IEEE and many national authoritiess save established rubber bounds for motion-picture show to consort frequences of electromagnetic energy based on SAR. in that respect are generalations which support the being of complex biological effectuate of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic Fieldss, including weak ELF magnetic Fieldss and spiel RF and micro-cook Fieldss. Cardinal mechanisms of the fundamental interaction between biological stuff and electromagnetic Fieldss at non-thermal degrees are non to the full chthonicstood..environmental do from transmittal lines can be name me depone near to the line. Biological personal effects from electrical and magnetic Fieldss around the line take circumscribe been intensively discussed during the give way bothsome of old ages.3.4 wellness Effectss certain interrogation surveies show fringy sick health effects on kind-hearted existences. some otherwise surveies do non corroborate these effects.3.5 Pollutant aerosols under high Voltage causality LinesA probe of theoretically and by experiment conducted at H.H provides Physics Laboratory University of Bristol to measuring the increased exposure to airborne pollutants near power lines. Harmonizing to Fews ( 1999 ) , exposures were carried out at different power line lieu in assorted conditions conditions and the exposure are interpreted along a line at a right angles up to 200m from a figure of high electromotive force power transmittal line. The consequence of the theoretical placard predicts a two of three fold up appurtenance in deposition of aerosols on spherical summons miming the human caput under high electromotive force lines. This term applies when pesticides or other chemical are sprayed on a lower floor the power line, the aerosols conditions impart formed and do more risky conditions.3.6 VehiclesAs referred to Bonneville mogul Portland, vehicles lay under some high electromotive forces lines, vehicles can be roll up an induced electromotive force if the vehicle is parked on a nonconducting surface such as asphalt or dry lock. It will take a crap flickers or worst electricity in your cable car as it is non grounded. A individual will be electrocuted, when he or she is used as a medicament director to anchor the electromotive force induced.3. 7 LightningLightning will normally strike the highest nearby object, which mogul be a power line tower or wire. Transmission facilitates are designed to defy lightning work stoppages by imparting them to land at the tower. last can happen as a individual s electronic organic structure provides a way for current feed doing tissue harm and bosom failure. O ther hurts can include Burnss from the discharge generated by the inadvertent gather. These can be particularly unsafe if the victims air passages are affected. Injuries whitethorn besides be suffered as a consequence of the physical forces exerted as populate may fall from tallness or be thrown considerable distance.3.8 elevated objectsTall object such as trees and turning flora at high electromotive force lines is risky at 2 facets. First is the semen in contact with the a transmittal line will take to closing down that line and upset the flow of electricity. Second trees and flora can carry on electricity, a state of affairs that can uncover throng around the country, re quicken beings and belongings. The trees can basically go electrified and injured people touches it and might wound or even kill the individual.Electricity can even leap or curve from the transmittal line up to 15 pess off between the power lines and flora. For this intent a 25 pess sanctuary zone is e nforced by Bonneville Power ( 2008 ) utilizing the article retention the manner pee for safe and unassailable service Malaysia as equator and tropical conditions is full of Vegetation and trees in the surrounding of the transmittal lines. so this is truly risky in the Malaysia evidences.3.9 TrespassingTrespassing and hooliganism cast off been one of the chief issues in Malaysia where 1000000s of ringgit require to re endow and mend the amendss perform by unwanted activities mentioned. Steel broadcast and other parts of the tower and transmittal lines were taken down by larceny has been a really alarming.3.10 Pools /WaterPools or pools should be situated near or under the transmittal line because it impedes the workers abilities to run and accompaniment the power lines and presents a realizable safety jeopardies to the populace. The jeopardy scope from feasible electrical contact with the iwres to dangers that can be brushs during and after lightning work stoppage on tr ansmittal installations. These conditions could be seen at the transmittal lines crossways rice paddy Fieldss at the province of KEDAH. cerebrate why High Voltage Power Line is Still UseMost of the high electromotive force power line usage overhead lines, but the power distribution at heart the metropolis or crowded topographic points is done utilizing hugger-mugger foreign conducting wires. Less than one per centum of the absolute transmittal lines are fit(p) underground. Although clandestine ac transmittal would show a solution to the environmental and aesthetic jobs tangled in overhead lines, in that respect are proficient and economical grounds that make the usage of subsurface Ac transmittal prohibitive. For low electromotive force distribution applications in that respect are no proficient jobs in utilizing abroad telegrams. The aesthetic and safety demands change by reversal the economical considerations in most of the distribution systems and thitherfore the b elowground oversea telegrams are constantly used.High electromotive force power line building is much slight expensive than belowground transmittal. Bare wires are used in overhead lines with insularity employed at the points that the wire is supported. woodwind or galvanized steel towers are used to back up the medicine directors. The dielectrics at the music director support points are normally ball and socket porcelain or fiberglass rods covered with skirts made of a deepen similar to silicon gum elastic. Lines are salutary protected against lightning with lightning arresters and shield wires. Bundled music directors are used for 230 kilovolts and above to cut down line reactance and corona effects. There is a trade off between the line losingss and the cost of building the line. sinister the I2R losingss normally means larger music directors at higher electromotive force operation. This increases the cost of music directors and back uping tower cost. Therefore, the change magnitude in line loss mustiness be carefully weighed against increased cost. hole-and-corner(a) lines are most normally used to feed urban substations in high burden denseness countries. The highest belowground transmittal line electromotive force is 525 kilovolt. Since the cost of an belowground line is 9 to 15 multiplication the cost of an overhead line they are installed plainly when they offer a clear advantage or there is no option.The grounds for the high cost areEHV insularity is expensive.The overseas telegrams must be installed in screams made of steel or bronze which is dearly-won.Proper chilling with oil circulation is required.Difficult to turn up the err and expensive to mend.The overseas telegrams are constructed with oil impregnated paper insularity in many beds. The overseas telegram has a whorled metal wire lesion around the out-of-door of the insularity to forestall harm to the overseas telegrams while puting. The full overseas telegram is covered with a th in pass off sheath that keeps the oil impregnation in the insularity. After the overseas telegram is installed, the pipe is filled with oil. The oil is pumped by the pipe to chill every bit good as insulate the overseas telegram. The oil circulation system includes pumps, filters and oil fit out combat vehicles. Sulpher hexaflouride ( SF6 ) is some times used to insulate belowground transmittal overseas telegrams. The popularity of SF6 is increasing because of its simpleness. The belowground transmittal lines are more dependable if decently installed. ill consequence that high electromotive force on homo, animate beings, and environment topic on HumanThe preponderance of grounds shows that the low power low frequence electromagnetic radiation associated with family current is really safe, and no biophysical theories for the induction or publicity of cancerous neoplastic unhealthiness have been substantiated, some research has implicated exposure in a figure of uncomely wellnes s effects. These include, but are non limited to, childishness leukemia ( mentions at a lower place ) , grownup leukemia, and neurodegenerative diseases.5.1.2. Leukaemia and cancerous neoplastic diseaseHarmonizing to a case-control survey conducted in United Kingdom peculiarly in England and Wales, there is an association between puerility leukemia and propinquity of place reference at stomach to high electromotive force power lines and the unornamented hazard extends to greater distance than would attach been expected. About 4 % of kids in England and Wales live within 600meter of high electromotive force lines at endure. If the association is causal, approximately 1 % of childhood leukemia in England and Wales would be properties to these lines though this friendship has considerable statistical uncertainness.A United Kingdom survey of 29,000 instances of childhood cancerous neoplastic disease, including 9700 instances of leukemia, prepare a rise hazard of childhood leuke mia in kids who lived within 200m of high electromotive force lines at birth compared with those who lived beyond 600m. There was besides a rebuff increased hazard for those populating 200-600m from the lines at birth as this further than can readily be explained by magnetic Fieldss it may be due to other aetiological factors associated with power line.Harmonizing to Dr. Paul Vailleneuve of the University of capital of Canada finds in survey published in February 2002 that those who were unfastened to a moderate 6mG of magnetic Fieldss increased by a factor of 12 their odds of developing an agressive wit tumour know as glioblastoma multiforme. The Nipponese National Institute for environmental Studies and the National Cancer Center, in midterm examination analysis of a joint three-year education undertaking, have concluded kids who are ofttimes exposed to such electromagnetic pathetic continues, emitted from high-potential power lines and some family contraptions, are on norm more than in two ways as likely to acquire leukemia than those who are non exposed to potential.These researches shows an indicant there are hazard involved wellness of the public peculiarly people populating nigh High Voltage Power Lines. The authorities and the arrange organic structure should take these billet earnestly as it involves human life and besides agonies.5.1.3 Effect of magnetic theater toward melatonin ( Sleeping upset )Harmonizing to Maisch, Podd and Rapley ( 2002 ) , the research has found changeless exposure of magnetic knit stitch to single will do kiping disorder.One possible manner a magnetic knit stitch could impact slumber is by impacting the production of melatonin, a hormone produced by pineal secretory organ. The pineal secretory organ is the major control secretory organ over this rhythm, with melatonin production controlled by signals from postganglionic sympathetic fibers ( nerve electric cells ) connected to the hormone-producing cell of the pin eal gland.The firing rate of the endocrine bring forthing varies from twenty-four hourstime and dark. Melatonin is known for its kiping heighten belongingss to secure homo would hold a asleep(predicate) continuance at dark. Harmonizing to Melatonin surmise Breast Cancer and Use of electrical Power ( 1997 ) , electromagnetic spectrum peculiarly microscopic scope suppresses melatonin synthesis in the pineal secretory organ of all craniates including heavy(a) male. Dr Scott Davis of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found the higher magnetic empyrean degrees at dark were associated with significantly lower melatonin degrees. Therefore, the researches had seeded player to a conclusive determination that low frequence Fieldss will make dormant perturbation.5.1.4 Effect on Pregnant cock-a-hoop females and babiesThe high electromotive force power lines besides give consequence to the pregnant bad females and her babies. For an illustration a survey by Dr. De-Kun Li ( Januar y 2002 ) shows that, a treble addition in overall spontaneous abortions and a sextuple addition in self-generated abortions happening in the beginning the tenth hebdomad of gestation is associated with even fleeting exposure to magnetic Fieldss greater than 16 milligram. standardised consequences were found in a enlighten paper on self-generated abortions active for the undertaking by G. M. Lee which is printed in the same issue. Harmonizing to a intelligence theater in New Scientist of January 10, 2002, Li s consequences caused a California Health service section scientist, Raymond Neutra, to review his 1991 survey of 727 openhanded females. Originally, his group s survey had calculated mean magnetic line of merchandise exposures and with stupid consequences. However, when Neutra late reanalyzed the knowledge from his earlier survey, he discovered the consequences were similar to Li s. Womans exposed to top out magnetic field degrees greater than 14 milligrams doubled the ir hazard of abortion over those who had no such exposure.Consequence on the EnvironmentHigh Voltage Power Lines Power lines generate electricity ( normally at 50 or 60 Hz ) and may cross 100s of kilometers. Degrees of electromagnetic Fieldss ( voltage ) from human-made beginnings have increased steadily over the agone 50-100 old ages. Most EMF exposures espouse from increased usage of electricity and impudent engineering sciences. In the past decennaries, possible indecent effects from EMF exposure on human wellness have been an of import subject of research. However, venial has been published about the impact of EMF on the inhering terrestrial and aquatic environment.The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is turn toing this issue through the International EMF come across. One of the Project s aims is to supply advice to national governments and others on EMF wellness and environmental effects and protective steps or actions if needed.This info sheet summarizes the curre nt scientific understanding on the effects of exposure to EMF Fieldss on the life environment, across the electromagnetic spectrum in the frequence scope 0-300 GHz. This scope covers all frequences that are emitted into the environment through usage of EMF engineering. Recommendations are besides given for farther research to make full spreads in cognition needed to better buttocks EMF environmental impacts.Awareness of any environmental impacts of EMF is of import to guarantee the saving of earthling and marine ecosystems, which form the footing for sustainable development. Protection of the environment and preservation of disposition have become affairs of great involvement to the populace, every bit good as to authoritiess. Such involvement is frequently expressed as concern over possible environmental impacts of big engineering undertakings, such as dikes, atomic power workss, and radiofrequency senders. Several undertakings have been capable to public force per unit areas on environmental evidences, with EMF being one but non needfully the lone issue. For illustration, a proposed high frequence ( HF ) wireless sender for the Voice of America in Israel, which would hold been the universe s largest wireless station, was out of use(p) from building on environmental evidences, in portion cerebrate to concerns about possible effects of wireless frequence Fieldss on migrating birds.Public concern about environmental exposure to EMF has ranged from claims of decreased milk production in cattles croping under power lines to damage to trees nigh high power radio espial and rangings. Such concerns might besides impact the development of new engineering several programs have been proposed since the late sixtiess for bring forthing electric power in infinite by revolving arrays of solar panels. tremendous sums of electricity generated by such solar power orbiters would be transmitted to voluminous aerials on the land. In add-on to get the better ofing profici ent troubles, this and other new engineerings would hold to derive public credence.Consequence on the AnimalsMost surveies of EMF effects in animate beings have been conducted to smell into possible inauspicious wellness effects in worlds. These are normally performed on standard research lab animate beings used in toxicological surveies, e.g. rats and mice, but some surveies have besides include other species such as like short-living flies for the probe of genotoxic effects. The topic of this information sheet, nevertheless, is whether Voltage can hold denigratory impacts on species of wild and domestic animate beings. Under consideration areSpeciess, in peculiar certain fish, reptilians, mammals and migratory birds, which rely on the natural ( geomagnetic ) inactive magnetic field as one of a figure of parametric quantities believed to be used for orientation and navigational cuesFarm animate beings ( e.g. swine, sheep or cowss ) croping under power lines ( 50/60 Hz ) or in the locality of broadcast medium aerials dissolute zoologies, such as birds and insects, this may go through through the chief beam of high power radio-frequency aerials and radio detection and ranging beams or through high strength ELF Fieldss near power lines.Surveies performed to day of the month hold found small grounds of EMF effects on zoologies at degrees below ICNIRP s guidepost degrees. In peculiar, there were no inauspicious effects found on cowss croping below power lines. However, it is known that flight public presentation of insects can be stricken in electric Fieldss above 1kV/m, but important effects have merely been shown for bees when electrically conductive urtications are placed straight under power lines. Un-insulated un-earthed music directors placed in an electric field can go charged and cause hurt or interrupt the activeness of animate beings, birds and insects.5.0 LEGAL EleCtrical safety REQUIREMENTSUnderstanding the consequence of electrical jeopardies suc h as decease and devastation of belongings, assorted attempts have been made by the authorities to guarantee the safety of users/workers and the proper use of electricity through statute laws and enforcement. Among the statutory commissariats related to the safety usage of electricity areElectricity give Act 1990 galvanizing Supply laws 1994SIRIM Standards for electric EquipmentOoccupational Safety and Health Act 1994 ( OSHA 1994 )Legislation and enforcement of these Acts and Regulations guarantee the safety of users. High electromotive force is defined by the DOE Electrical Safety Guidelines asOver 600 Vs, but any electromotive force above 50 Vs should be considered life threatening, and treated consequently. commonly high electromotive force circuits and equipment are attach with Hazard Signs.Mentions on High Voltage can be found inI ) Occupational safety and health administrationDefines high electromotive force and lists forwardness demands and safe work patterns ( including attack distances ) .two ) NECNFPA 70 National Electrical Code provides extra information on high electromotive force equipment.three ) early(a)NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee workplaces provides luxurious safe attack distances for working on high electromotive force equipment.four ) From Electrical Supply Act ( Syarikat Pengganti ) states the distance from the land to the transmittal varies harmonizing to the electromotive force value of the transmittal line. There are three status references from the pass, other so the highroad and the location could non be reached by the track bole. prorogue 1Voltage system between the music directorOn the route( Meter )Other than on the route( Meter )Location could non reached by the route( Meter )Not more than 600 Volts5.495.184.57 much than 600 less than 11,000 V5.795.494.88More than 11,000 V less than 66,000 V6.106.105.18More than 66,000 V less than 132,000 V6.706.705.79More than 132,000 V less than 275,000 V777More than 275,000 V7.37.37.3Harmonizing to Strauss and Bernard ( 1991 ) , some of the federal Torahs in United States do non modulate electric and magnetic Fieldss due to public deductions and besides multi billion dollar electricity industries in the States. Some of the new Torahs are non based on scientific dictum about safe degree of magnetic filed exposure but preferably on the premise that the position quo is in public acceptable.With this statement, In Malaysian s the ordinances and act on the High Voltage Power Lines are non truly specific and all conditions could be change by the government minister in charge.DecisionAs refer to all the risky possibilities, yet lock in there are non proved status the danger of the magnetic moving ridgeline towards human wellness. There are a few researches shown there is a really high possibility of developing malignant neoplastic disease due high electromotive force transmittals lines but none of the research is definite an d conclusive. Besides malignant neoplastic disease, a research has found low frequence magnetic moving ridge could strip homo s dormancy form during dark clip because of effect downing the melatonin endocrine. Other than that, the status or location of the transmittal line in Malaysia has lid concerns when the transmittal lines fluxing through the paddy field, the wood and besides the lodging estate.As for the ordinance concerns, due to none of the researches shown the danger of magnetic moving ridge in malignant neoplastic disease and other risky status, safeguards of these safety conditions are neglected. every bit long as there is no complain or human expiration from the populace, the authorities assume it has reach the safety demands. Therefore, we as the citizens or public, have to go a victim foremost before any Act or Regulation would be drafted to avoid such state of affairs. Make bear in head, it is non barroom but simply an turning away from the authorization.As more u nderdeveloped states are traveling frontward towards industrialization, more power lines are needed and more power workss will be build to for coevals. Therefore is our female parent Earth in the save from these magnetic moving ridges? Will it destruct our Earth and human sort or the mutational conditions has reached its extremum? No organic structure can solvent it. As what a politician would state, there is non danger unless there are mark of decease or irreversible conditions. perplexity is the most deathly status compared to certainty.